Fig 2. An example of a numerically-simulated monostable wave connecting E5 to E2 that is predicted for parameter range p>w+s, w<1, q+g<1.

Specifically, a = 1, b = 1, s = 0.01, g = 0.15, w = 0.3, p = 1.1, q = 0.1. In particular, the values of s and g entail that the carrying capacity of farmers is 15 times that of hunter-gatherers [33]. Solid grey, broken black, and solid black curves give the normalized densities of initial farmers F, converted farmers C, and hunter-gatherers H, respectively, on the interval 0≤x≤800. It is worth noting that F and H are both below carrying capacity behind the wave front. The black arrow marks the wave front. The numerically estimated speed is 1.62, which is in good agreement with the heuristic minimum speed $v=2\sqrt{a(1-w)}$ = 1.67 (Appendix 3).