Table 3.

Agreement of hemodynamic profiles identified independently by trainees and experts in critical care echocardiography

Clinical questions (n = 100)	Concordant agreement	Discordant positive results by the emergency physician	Discordant negative results by the emergency physician	Questions nonaddressed by the EP/expert	Kappa value for clinical questions addressed by the two investigators*
Severe hypovolemia	81	14	2	2/1	0.65 (0.50–0.80)
Left ventricular failure	87	6	4	3/0	0.74 (0.59–0.89)
Hyperdynamic left ventricle associated with vasoplegia	82	11	4	2/1	0.61 (0.43–0.78)
Right ventricular failure	85	10	2	2/1	0.63 (0.44–0.81)
Pericardial effusion	96	1	0	3/0	0.85 (0.57–1.0)
Severe valvular regurgitation	94	0	0	5/1	1.0 (1–1)

^*Numbers between brackets indicate 95% confidence interval.