Table 1.
Some Phages That Have Been Used to Inhibit Drug-Resistant Bacteria and Can Be Used as Candidates for the Prevention of Wound Infections in Future Studies
| First Author and Year | Country | Subject | Condition | Type of Phage for Treatment |
Species | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chang et al (2019) |
Australia | Lung epithelial and fibroblast cells | – | PEV20 | P. aeruginosa isolated from Cystic Fibrosis and Wound Patients | PEV20 and ciprofloxacin together eradicated biofilm more efficient than the single treatment and preserved the cells from P. aeruginosa invasion and enhanced cell growth | 51 |
| Taha et al (2018) |
Egypt | – | – | ZCKP1 | MDR K. pneumoniae isolated from foot wound of a diabetic patient | Using the phage at high multiplicity of infection caused a decrease of bacterial count and biofilm biomass (>50%) | 52 |
| Barros et al (2019) |
Portugal | – | – | vB_SauM_LM12, vB_EfaS_LM99 vB_EcoM_JB75 | MRSA VRE E. coli isolates from orthopedics implant-associated infections |
Phage reduced bacteria and showed high efficiency and specificity for infecting the pathogens | 53 |
| Jansen et al (2018) |
Germany | - | - | vB_AbaM-KARL-1 | MDR A. baumannii | At MOI of 10−1 and meropenem (>128 mg/l), liquid cultures get apparent and antibacterial activity was significantly augmented with meropenem | 54 |
| Capparelli et al (2007) |
Italy | Mice | Abscesses | MSa | MRSA | The phage killed bacteria, prevented abscess formation and caused a reduction in the bacterial load | 55 |
| Morris et al (2019) |
Australia | Rats | peri-prosthetic joint infection | StaPh_1, StaPh_3, StaPh_4, StaPh_11 StaPh_16 | S. aureus | Treatment of infection with both vancomycin and phage caused 22.5 fold reduction of bacterial load, while treatment of phage or vancomycin alone only caused 5 or 6.2 fold of redaction | 56 |
| Lehman et al (2019) |
USA | Mice | Pneumonia | AB-SA01 | MRSA and VISA | The phage showed equal effect as vancomycin in the reduction of microbial load of lung S. aureus | 57 |
| Takemura-Uchiyama et al (2013) | Japan | Mice | Septicemia | S130ʹ | MRSA | 6 h after infection, administration of phage caused a reduction in the severity of the infection and rescued the infected mice | 58 |
| Ding (2018) |
China | Nude Mice | Dermal Abscess | JD007 | MRSA | The phage prevented bacteria to from cutaneous abscesses formation, and immune responses did not robust | 59 |
| Watanabe et al (2007) |
Japan | Mice | Septicemia | KPP10 | P. aeruginosa | Mortality rate reduced by 66.7% and viable bacteria in blood was decreased | 60 |
| Fukuda et al (2012) |
Japan | Mice | Keratitis | Kpp12 | P. aeruginosa | By using eye-drops of KPP12, bacterial clearance significantly enhanced in the infected cornea and the outcome of the treatment improved | 61 |
| Wright et al (2009) |
UK | Human | Chronic otitis | BC-BP-01 to BC-BP-06 | MDR P. aeruginosa | Bacteria loads in the phage treated group were significantly reduced, also, a higher efficacy and safety in chronic otitis treatment was observed | 62 |
| Wang et al (2005) |
China | Mice | Bacteremia | ØA392 | Imipenemresistant P. aeruginosa | The mortality rate decreased by 100% with the first inoculation, 60 min after the bacterial challenge | 63 |
| Duplessis et al (2017) |
USA | Human | Bacteremia/sepsis | Cocktail of 2 phages |
MDR P. aeruginosa | Sterilized the bacteremia | 64 |
| Hua et al (2018) |
China | Mice | Lung infection | SH-Ab 15519 | Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii | Reduced the mice fatality rate in the treated group | 65 |
| Schooley et al (2017) |
USA | Human | A 68-year-old diabetic patient with necrotizing pancreatitis |
AB-Navy1 AB-Navy4 AB-Navy71 AB-Navy97 AbTP3φ1 AC4 C1P12 C2P21 C2P24 |
MDR A. baumannii | Reversed the patient’s downward clinical trajectory, clearance of the A. baumannii infection raised, and a return to the health happened | 66 |
| Wang et al (2018) |
Taiwan | Mice | Bacteremia | ϕkm18p | XDR A. baumannii | Phage therapy caused an increase in the survival rates in animals, reduced bacteria counts and levels of inflammatory markers | 67 |
| Wang et al (2015) |
China | Mice | Pneumonia | vB_AbaM-IME-AB2 | MDR A. baumannii | After bacteria challenge, intranasal phage installation caused survival of 100% of animals | 68 |
| Hung et al (2011) |
Taiwan | Mice | Liver Abscesses and Bacteremia | φ NK5 | K. pneumoniae | Single dose administration of phage at 30 min after bacterial infection was rescued mice | 69 |
| Cao et al (2015) |
China | Mice | Pneumonia | 1513 | MDR K. pneumoniae | After 2 h of bacteria inoculation, a single intranasal administration was able to save mice against pneumonia | 70 |
| Chhibber et al (2008) |
India | Mice | Respiratory infection |
SS | K. pneumoniae B5055 | All of the mice were survived by immediate administration of phage after bacteria challenge | 71 |
| Anand et al (2019) |
India | Mice | Pneumonia | VTCCBPA43 | K. pneumoniae | Bacteria count in lung decreased significantly, and the lesion severity was declined | 72 |
| Corbellino et al (2019) |
Italy | Human | A 57-year-old patient with multi-site colonization of bacteria | - | MDR K. pneumoniae | There was no sign of bacteria by the culture of molecular screening after 3 weeks of phage therapy | 73 |
Abbreviations: MDR: multidrug resistance, XDR: extensively drug-resistant, PDR: pan drug-resistant, MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus, VISA: vancomycin intermediate S. aureus, VRE: vancomycin-resistant enterococcus.