Table 1.
Studies of ADT-mediated cognitive effects.
| Study details | Study type | Domains assessed and measurement method |
|---|---|---|
| Controlled comparative study (58 patients on ADT; 84 prostatectomy only; 88 healthy controls) [20] | Prospective controlled trial |
• Verbal memory: HVLT-R, WMS-III Logical Memory I & II • Visual memory: BVMT-R • Attention: Color Trails 1, WMS-III Digit Span, WMS-III Spatial Span, SDMT • Executive function: Color Trails 2, COWA, TIADL |
| Cross-sectional study (57 patients on ADT; 51 healthy age-matched controls) [29] | Prospective controlled trial |
• Physical tests: 6MWT • HRQoL, fatigue, self-reported cognitive function: FACT general version 4 (fatigue and cognitive modules); FACT-Cog • Neuropsychological: Folstein Mini Mental Status; High Sensitivity Cognitive Screen |
| Controlled comparative study (77 patients on ADT; 82 not on ADT; 82 healthy controls) [30] | Prospective controlled trial | • Attention (Digit and Spatial Span Forward), processing speed (TMT A), Verbal Fluency (COWA, Animal Fluency), visuospatial ability (Card Rotations, JLO), verbal learning and memory (CVLT), visual learning and memory (BVMT-R), executive functions, working memory (Digit and Spatial Span Backward, SWMT errors, CALT), executive functions, cognitive flexibility (TMT B, D-KEFS, Color Word Interference Test) |
| Controlled comparative study (81 patients on ADT; 84 not on ADT; 85 healthy controls) [41] | Prospective controlled trial | • Self-reported cognitive function: FACT-Cog scales PCI and IPCIQOL |
| Retrospective cohort analysis of medical record data (2397 patients on ADT) [32] | Population-based study | • Alzheimer’s disease onset: based on terms from clinical notes and ICD-9 diagnostic code 331.0 |
| Retrospective cohort analysis of SEER-Medicare population data (50,613 with PC; 50,476 without) [44] | Population-based study | • Proportion of patients with a depressive, cognitive or constitutional disorder following PC diagnosis/study entry. Comparison by X2 test |
| Retrospective cohort analysis of medical record data (9272 patients with PC, 1826 of whom received ADT) [46] | Population-based study | • New-onset dementia: based on terms from clinical notes and ICD-9 diagnostic codes 290.0–290.9, 331.0–331.2, or 294.1–294.21 |
| Retrospective cohort analysis of medical record data (35,401 patients with PC, 24,567 of whom received ADT) [47] | Population-based study | • Cognitive dysfunction—defined as “the loss of intellectual functions, such as thinking, remembering, and reasoning, with sufficient severity to interfere with daily functioning, including dementia or AD”. Identification was using ICD-10 diagnostic codes |
| Systematic literature review (14 studies, 417 ADT-treated patients) [19] | Systematic review and meta-analysis |
• Studies must have reported objective neuropsychological data • Included tests were divided into seven cognitive domains: attention/working memory, executive functioning, language, verbal memory, visual memory, visuomotor ability, and visuospatial ability |
| Systematic literature review (two prospective, four retrospective cohort studies, 442 and 67,644 patients, respectively) [45] | Systematic review and meta-analysis |
• Prospective studies based on ICCTF criteria (impaired cognitive performance defined as ≥1.5SD below published norms on ≥2 tests, or ≥2.0SD below published norms on ≥1 test) • Cognitive domains assessed (prospective trials): attention, processing speed, verbal fluency, learning and memory, visuospatial ability, executive function, cognitive reserve |
6MWT 6-Minute Walking Test, ADT androgen deprivation therapy, BVMT-R Brief Visuospatial Memory Test–Revised, CALT Conditional Associative Learning Test, COWA Controlled Oral Word Association, CVLT California Verbal Learning Test, D-KEFS Delis-kaplan Executive Function System, FACT-Cog Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Subscale, HRQoL health-related quality of life, HVLT-R Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised, ICCTF International Cognition and Cancer Task Force, IPCIQOL Impact of PCI on Quality of Life, JLO Judgment of Line Orientation, PC prostate cancer, PCI perceived cognitive impairment, SD standard deviation, SDMT Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SEER Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, SWMT Spatial Working Memory Task, TIADL Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, TMT Trail Making Test, WMS Wechsler Memory Scale