Table 2.

The five different methods tested to extract DNA from precious coral samples worked for jewelry.

Method	Previously used for	Demineralization	DNA binding	DNA purification	Protocol followed
“W” method	ancient bones39, snail shells from museum collection40	EDTA solution with Proteinase-K	On celite particles in the presence of GuSCN containing buffer	Wizard PCR Preps DNA Purification System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA)	“WSU fast” method by Villanea, et al.40
“F” method	marine pearls29	EDTA solution	On spin column of the FastDNA SPIN Kit for Soil (MP Biomedicals, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France)		Meyer, et al.29
“B” method	bones and teeth41,42	PrepFiler BTA Lysis Buffer (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA) with DTT and Proteinase-K	On magnetic particles of the PrepFiler BTA Forensic DNA Extraction Kit (Thermo Fisher)		vendor’s protocol
“E” method	subfossil eggshells43–45	Tris-EDTA solution with Triton X-100, DTT and Proteinase-K	On the spin column of the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany)		Oskam and Bunce45
“Y” method	subfossil bones46, subfossil and modern clam shells47,48	EDTA solution with N-laurylsarcosyl and Proteinase-K	On the spin column of the MinElute PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen)		“Y” method as described by Gamba, et al.46

Abbreviation of chemical names: EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, GuSCN: Guanidinium thiocyanate, DTT: Ditiotreitol.

The abbreviated method name is followed by references of relevant studies where the method was used to extract DNA from calcified material, the chemical composition of the demineralization buffer, the method used for DNA binding and DNA purification and, finally, the exact protocol followed.