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. 2020 May 19;10:8278. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65211-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats. (a–c) Examples of levodopa-induced dyskinetic movement in parkinsonian rats after repeated injection of L-dopa every other day for 6–8 consecutive days. Video recording for calculating global abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) scores demonstrating the following AIMs scoring items: (a) axial dyskinesia (tortuous truncal movement), (b) limb dyskinesia (repeated forelimb movement) and (c) orofacial dyskinesia (repeated jaw opening and tongue protruding). (d) Time courses of the global AIMs score (mean ± SEM) at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 120 minutes, successfully showing the induction of dyskinesia by L-dopa in five parkinsonian rats. (e) The sum of the global AIMs scores in the same rats after induction of dyskinesia either by L-dopa or saline.