Table 3.
Summary of studies from low and middle income countries of Asia
| Reference | Population | Settinga | Date | Epidemiology of carriage isolates, % | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | |||||
| Zhang et al. [53] | Cases and close contacts of a jail outbreak (n = 166) | Outbreak | May 2010 |
Overallb: cellmates, 62.5; other inmates, 24.6 By serogroupc MenB: 21.3 MenC: 61.7 MenW: 2.1 MenY: 2.1 NG: 8.5 |
– |
| Zhou et al. [51] | Strains from the CDC isolated from throat swabs from 22 provinces (n = 241) | Outbreak and post-outbreak; vaccinated | 2003–2008 |
Overall: NA By serogroupc MenA: 9.5 MenB: 19.5 MenC: 62.2 MenW: 1.2 MenZ: 0.4 MenX: 0.4 Men29E: 0.4 |
– |
| India | |||||
| Jha et al. [54] | New military recruits aged 16–25 years living in barracks (n = 360) | – | – | Overall: 11.94b |
Significant risks of carriage Joint vs. nuclear family structure: Carrier rate 14.4% vs. 7.1% (P < 0.05) Region of origin: Carrier rate North, 11.8%; South, 10.7%; East, 18.0%; West, 8.6%; Central, 4.7% (P < 0.05 for difference) |
| Ichhpujani et al. [55] | Students aged 6–20 years in Delhi (n = 6513) | – | 1986–1987 | Overall: 1.64b | – |
| Paul et al. [56] | Contacts of 11 index patients (n = 272) | Infected patients | Mar–Jun 1985 |
Among family/household contacts (n = 53): 5.7 Among all contacts (n = 272): 1.1 |
– |
| Malaysia | |||||
| Rohani et al. [57] | Army recruits aged 17–24 years undergoing intensive training in an army camp (n = 3195) | – | Jun 2005 |
Overall: 37.0b Men vs. women: 39.2d vs. 19.7e By serogroupc MenA: 3.3 MenW: 4.7 MenX/Z: 81.0 Other than MenW/A–D/X–Z: 5.2 Autoagglutination: 4.7 Cross-reactivity with available antisera: 0.9 |
– |
| Nepal | |||||
| Thapa et al. [58] | Meningococcal vaccine-naive children aged 5–14 years from 4 schools in Pokhara valley (n = 204) | Unvaccinated | 2015 | Overall: 1.4b |
Carriage by age group, %b 5–9 years (n = 54): 3.7 10–14 years (n = 150): 0.6 |
| Philippines | |||||
| Gonzales et al. [48] | Students aged 5–24 years from 1 elementary school, 1 high school, and 1 university in Manila (n = 937) | – | Aug 2013–Mar 2014 |
Overall: 3.7b By serogroupc MenB: 65.7 MenC: 8.6 MenY: 5.7 Multiple serogroups: 5.7f |
Carriage by age group, %b 5–9 years (n = 248): 2.4 10–14 years (n = 210): 9.0 15–19 years (n = 232): 2.6 20–24 years (n = 247): 1.6 Significant risk of carriage Age 10–14 years (P < 0.001) |
| Thailand | |||||
| Danchaivijitr et al. [59] | Students aged 5–15 years in 3 schools in Nakhon Chaisi District, Nakhon Pathom province (n = 843) | – | – | Overall: 14.2b | – |
CDC Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Men meningococcal serogroup, NA not available, NG nongroupable
aSpecific details regarding setting are described in detail in the “Results”
bPercent of subjects/samples
cPercent of carriers
dPercent of 1110 male subjects
ePercent of 71 female subjects
fTwo individuals carried multiple serogroups simultaneously (i.e., MenB/Y/W and MenY/W)