Table 1.
Demographic and clinical baseline characteristics of the episodes
| Variables | All cohort (n = 102) |
Episodes with PBI (n = 20) |
Episodes without PBI (n = 82) |
p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year, median [IQR] | 47 [29–58] | 56 [48–64] | 41 [28–57] | 0.003 |
| Males, n (%) | 50 (49%) | 9 (45%) | 41 (50%) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, median [IQR] | 23.65 [20.97–26.54] | 24.49 [20.89–30.25] | 23.63 [21.05–26.30] | |
| Inaugural diabetes ketoacidosis, n (%) | 18 (18%) | 7 (35%) | 11 (13%) | 0.045 |
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 61 (60%) | 7 (35%) | 54 (66%) | 0.021 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 23 (23%) | 6 (30%) | 17 (21%) | ns |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 72 (71%) | 9 (45%) | 63 (77%) | 0.006 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 30 (29%) | 5 (25%) | 25 (31%) | |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 19 (19%) | 4 (20%) | 15 (18%) | |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 7 (7%) | 2 (10%) | 5 (6%) | |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 27 (27%) | 4 (20%) | 23 (28%) | |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 24 (24%) | 5 (25%) | 19 (24%) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 43 (42%) | 5 (25%) | 38 (46%) | ns |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 24 (24%) | 4 (20%) | 20 (24%) | |
| Medications | ||||
| Insulin, n (%) | 72 (71%) | 9 (45%) | 63 (77%) | 0.006 |
| Metformin, n (%) | 23 (23%) | 6 (30%) | 17 (21%) | ns |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 8 (8%) | 3 (15%) | 5 (6%) | ns |
| No antidiabetic, n (%) | 18 (18%) | 7 (35%) | 11 (13%) | 0.045 |
| Triggering factors | ||||
| Poor compliance to antidiabetic treatment, n (%) | 51 (50%) | |||
| No triggering factors, n (%) | 21 (21%) | |||
| Infection, n (%) | 20 (20%) | |||
| Others, n (%) | 11 (11%) | |||
| Clinical and biological data | ||||
| pH, median [IQR] | 7.14 [7.05–7.24] | 7.15 [7.02–7.27] | 7.14 [7.05–7.22] | ns |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L, median [IQR] | 6.00 [3.50–10.40] | 8.00 [4.15–10.55] | 5.90 [3.30–10.30] | ns |
| Glycemia, mmol/L, median [IQR] | 27.5 [26.1–30.6] | 27.5 [25.1–29.0] | 27.5 [26.1–30.9] | |
| Ketonemia, mmol/L, median [IQR] | 6.0 [5.1–6.9] | 5.00 [3.95–5.93] | 6.1 [5.3–7.0] | 0.007 |
| SAPS II, median [IQR] | 29 [21–40] | 45 [35–58] | 26 [20–36] | < 0.001 |
| Treatments and outcomes | ||||
| Antibiotics treatments, n (%) | 45 (44%) | 20 (100%) | 25 (31%) | < 0.001 |
| ICU length of stay, day, median [IQR] | 2 [1–4] | 7 [6–12] | 2 [1–3] | < 0.001 |
| Hospital length of stay, day, median [IQR] | 9 [6–14] | 20 [12–24] | 8 [6–12] | < 0.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 2 (2%) | 1 (5%) | 1 (1%) | |
IQR interquartile range 25–75%, ICU intensive care unit, PBI proven bacterial infection, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiology Score II
aSignificant difference (p < 0.05) between episodes with and without proven bacterial infection are reported in the “p value” column