Table 2.
Demographic information.
| High CES-D | Low CES-D | P valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CES-D range | ≥16 | ≤15 | |
| CES-D, mean (SD) | 22.2 (6.4) | 9.8 (3.8) | 1.26 × 10−106 |
| Subjects | 298 | 599 | |
| Percentage of females | 64.0% | 54.5% | 7.87 × 10−3 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 56.8 (11.7) | 58.2 (11.6) | 0.105 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 23.50 (4.13) | 23.49 (3.31) | 0.972 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 226 (75.83%) | 510 (85.14%) | 7.28 × 10−3 |
| Widowed | 26 (8.72%) | 33 (5.50%) | |
| Divorced | 18 (6.04%) | 19 (3.17%) | |
| Single | 28 (9.39%) | 37 (6.17%) | |
| House damage from the GEJE | |||
| Total collapse | 75 (25.2%) | 75 (12.5%) | 8.80 × 10−5 |
| Large-scale damage | 36 (12.1%) | 74 (12.3%) | |
| Half-scale damage | 38 (12.8%) | 82 (13.6%) | |
| Small-scale damage | 99 (33.2%) | 239 (39.8%) | |
| No damage | 50 (16.8%) | 129 (21.5%) | |
| Medication | |||
| Antidepressants | 9 (3.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4.54 × 10−5 |
| Hypnotics | 57 (19.1%) | 18 (3.0%) | 2.43 × 10−15 |
| Anxiolytics | 94 (31.5%) | 21 (3.5%) | 1.22 × 10−30 |
| Social engagement | |||
| LSNS-6 score, mean (SD) | 14.0 (5.8) | 16.23 (5.4) | 2.30 × 10−8 |
| Social capital score, mean (SD) | 5.7 (2.9) | 4.44 (2.4) | 5.27 × 10−12 |
| Gap time between the GEJE and measurement of CES-D (months), mean (SD) | 27.3 (1.0) | 27.4 (1.0) | 0.111 |
| Self-reported PTSD symptomsb | |||
| 1. Intrusive images or nightmares | 102 (34.2%) | 49 (8.1%) | 1.91 × 10−21 |
| 2. Emotionally upset when reminded of the GEJE | 102 (34.2%) | 50 (8.3%) | 5.63 × 10−21 |
| 3. Physiological reactions when reminded of the GEJE | 45 (15.1%) | 16 (2.6%) | 2.84 × 10−11 |
| 4. Avoidance of reminders associated with the GEJE | 86 (28.8%) | 67 (11.1%) | 1.32 × 10−10 |
| 5. Interference with everyday life | 36 (12.0%) | 8 (1.3%) | 1.41 × 10−11 |
CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder, GEJE the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.
aP values were calculated using Student’s t tests for CES-D, age, BMI, LSNS-6 score, social capital score, and the gap time between the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and the CES-D measurement. P values were calculated using Fisher’s exact tests for the percentage of females, marital status, house damage from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, medication, and self-reported PTSD symptoms.
bSelf-reported PTSD symptoms show the number of subjects who answered “Yes” to the following questions in the questionnaire. “Below is a list of problems that people sometimes have after experiencing a traumatic event. Have you experienced the following problems two times or more within one week? 1. Unwanted upsetting memories about the GEJE or bad dreams or nightmares related to the GEJE. 2. Feeling very emotionally upset when reminded of the GEJE. 3. Having physical reactions when reminded of the GEJE (for example, sweating or heart racing). 4. Trying to avoid thoughts or feelings related to the GEJE or trying to avoid activities, situations, or places that remind you of the GEJE or that feel more dangerous since the GEJE. 5. The difficulties have been interfering with your everyday life.” These questions were based on the report by Itoh et al.46, which validated a new short version of the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale47 among Japanese people.