Table 3.

Mixed model of repeated measures for the physical functioning tests.

Variable	Group	Mean ± standard deviation		Analysis of variance (group × time), p-value	Effect size	Analysis of variance (time), p-value	Effect size
		Baseline	After 16 weeks
STS-10 (seconds) Mean (SD)	ID	25.4 (10.6)	22.3 (7.2)	F = 0.726, 0.404	0.035	F = 5.678, 0.027	0.221
	HB	25 (10.7)	23.6 (8)
SPPB (points) Mean (SD)	ID	10.6 (1.43)	11 (1.6)	F = 0.643, 0.432	0.030	F = 7.433, 0.013	0.261
	HB	10.1 (2.3)	10.8 (2.1)
OLST (seconds) Mean (SD)	ID	12 (14.1)	17.9 (18.4)	F = 4.421, 0.049	0.189	F = 2.829, 0.109	0.130
	HB	17.2 (19.4)	16.6 (19.8)
TUG (seconds) Mean (SD)	ID	7.9 (1.7)	7.6 (1.6)	F = 0.405, 0.531	0.019	F = 9.717, 0.005	0.316
	HB	9.5 (2.5)	9.1 (2.2)
STS-60 (repetitions) Mean (SD)	ID	19.7 (7.4)	23.6 (8.2)	F = 3.911, 0.062	0.164	F = 1.795, 0.195	0.082
	HB	21.6 (7.7)	20.8 (3.7)
HG R hand (Kg) Mean (SD)	ID	27.8 (11.8)	30 (9.4)	F = 0.546, 0.468	0.025	F = 4.577, 0.044	0.179
	HB	29.3 (11.7)	30.3 (11.1)
HG L hand (Kg) Mean (SD)	ID	26.6 (9.7)	28.7 (9.6)	F = 2.061, 0.166	0.089	F = 18.212, 0.000	0.464
	HB	25.8 (11.5)	26.9 (10.7)
One-Heel Raise R Leg (repetitions) Mean (SD)	ID	23.3 (2.5)	23.6 (3.6)	F = 0.000, 0.995	0.000	F = 0.144, 0.709	0.008
	HB	18.5 (9.2)	18.9 (9.4)
One-Heel Raise L leg (repetitions) Mean (SD)	ID	21.6 (4.8)	24.7 (1)	F = 0.011, 0.919	0.001	F = 6.862, 0.019	0.314
	HB	17.3 (10.1)	20.1 (9.5)
6MWT (meters) Mean (SD)	ID	410.7 (107.9)	436.2 (100.5)	F = 0.108, 0.745	0.005	F = 9.314, 0.006	0.307
	HB	360.7 (126.7)	381.2 (96.2)

STS: the sit-to-stand test; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; OLST: One-leg standing test; TUG: timed up-and-go test; HG: handgrip strength; 6MWT: 6 minutes walking test.

Baseline data comparison between ID (n = 11) and HB (n = 12) with the Mann-Whitney test showed no significant differences.