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. 2020 May 19;10:8295. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65110-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging (SR-PCI) and 3D reconstruction of a right human temporal bone (anterior view). The structures are visible after the bone was made transparent using a scalar opacity mapping tool. Semi-automatic segmentation visualized the extensive channel system surrounding the VA containing the endolymphatic duct. B-D. Micro-CT of a left human temporal bone. (B) shows both the posterior surface of the petrous pyramid and the labyrinth, VA and VVA using a surface algorithm (medial view). Inset shows the external aperture of the VA and the opening of the VVA (posterior view). VVA; vein of the vestibular aqueduct. (C) Higher magnification of the VA and VVA from (B). No bone vascular plexus can be observed. (D) Cropping of VA shows open labyrinth (violet) with internal aperture of the VA (bold arrow) and surrounding veins (small arrows). OW; oval window. CC; common crus. Op; operculum. SS; sigmoid sinus. VA; vestibular aqueduct. VVA; vein of the vestibular aqueduct.