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. 2020 May 13;11:823. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00823

TABLE 4.

Identified major phytochemicals by HR-LCMS showing antibiofilm activity from A. philippense crude extract.

Compounds Formula Class of phytochemicals m/z RT (min) Mass Mode of action References
Chlorogenic acid C16H18O9 Phenol 357.15 2.569 354.09444 Biofilm Inhibition Salmonella typhimurium Tang et al., 2015
Caffeic acid C9H8O4 Phenol 188.06 2.271 180.04202 Biofilm Inhibition Salmonella typhimurium Tang et al., 2015
Esculetin C9H6O4 Phenol 172.10 4.665 178.02634 – –
Rutin C27H30O16 Flavonoids 612.14 8.194 610.15246 Biofilm Inhibition Salmonella typhimurium Tang et al., 2015
Coumarin C9H6O2 Phenol 142.42 8.521 146.03661 QS and Biofilm inhibition E. coli O157:H7 Girennavar et al., 2008; Reen et al., 2018
Quercitrin C21H20O11 Flavonoid 466.72 9.016 448.09999 – –
Kaempferol C15H10O6 Phenol 284.19 9.585 286.04735 Biofilm inhibition Salmonella, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli Kurkin and Sharova, 2007; Kabra et al., 2019
Quercetin C15H10O7 Flavonoid 301.05 10.351 302.04222 Inhibition of gene involved in biofilm production -Biofilm Inhibition Salmonella typhimurium Lee et al., 2014; Tang et al., 2015
18-β-Glycyrrhetinic acid C30H46O4 Terpenoid 478.36 19.344 470.33901 Biofilm inhibition Streptococcus mutans Yu et al., 2018
Ursolic acid C30H48O3 Terpenoids 448.16 22.338 456.35961 Biofilm Inhibition Salmonella typhimurium Tang et al., 2015
Betulin C30H50O2 Triterpene 441.37 22.4 442.38024 Biofilm inhibition Streptococcus pyogenes Viszwapriya et al., 2016
Phloroglucinol C6H6O3 Phenol 124.57 6.439 126.03167 –
Esculin C15H16O9 Phenol 338.16 2.974 340.07909 –
Polygodial C15H22O2 Terpenoids 236.16 16.436 234.16165 Biofilm inhibition Candida sp. (Santos et al., 2017)
Lagochilin C20H36O5 Flavonoids 364.04 12.8 356.25583 –
Carvone C10H14O Terpenoids 169.45 8.959 150.10434 Biofilm inhibition Staphylococcus aureus Nostro et al., 2007; Porfirio et al., 2017
Orientin C21H20O11 Flavonoid 458.46 7.787 448.09999 –
Luteolin C15H10O6 Flavonoids 280.07 10.31 286.04735 Biofilm Inhibition Salmonella typhimurium Tang et al., 2015