TABLE 3.
Mean (with SD) scores and comparisons.
| Variables | Experimental group (n = 10) | Control group (n = 9) | ANCOVA | |||||||
| Pretest | Posttest | t | d | Pretest | Posttest | t | d |
F |
η2 | |
| Positive rumination | 2.74 (0.29) | 3.15 (0.21) | −3.19* | −1.62 | 2.83 (0.43) | 2.84 (0.39) | −0.14 | −0.02 | 5.97* | 0.27 |
| Negative rumination | 2.63 (0.21) | 1.74 (0.21) | 8.86** | 4.24 | 2.50 (0.16) | 2.46 (0.29) | 0.48 | 0.17 | 33.34*** | 0.68 |
| Life satisfaction | 4.14 (1.14) | 4.94 (0.62) | −3.10* | – | 3.78 (1.05) | 4.07 (1.09) | −0.08 | −0.27 | 4.33† | 0.21 |
| Depression | 2.38 (0.69) | 1.75 (0.37) | 3.32** | 1.15 | 2.35 (0.87) | 2.57 (0.97) | −0.64 | −0.24 | 6.95* | 0.30 |
| RT of WM updating | ||||||||||
| Happy | 633.21 (143.63) | 505.84 (75.72) | 3.64** | 1.11 | 569.79 (119.06) | 563.38 (84.00) | 0.35 | 0.06 | 11.59** | 0.42 |
| Sad | 634.08 (123.12) | 519.57 (87.25) | 3.92** | 1.07 | 611.51 (152.93) | 612.97 (93.87) | −0.06 | −0.01 | 18.49** | 0.54 |
| Neutral | 605.85 (122.10) | 500.00 (63.64) | 3.53** | 1.09 | 592.91 (134.89) | 566.17 (95.85) | 1.57 | 0.07 | 11.26** | 0.41 |
| ACC of WM updating | ||||||||||
| Happy | 0.96 (0.05) | 0.97 (0.03) | −0.55 | −0.17 | 0.97 (0.04) | 0.97 (0.04) | −0.23 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
| Sad | 0.95 (0.04) | 0.97 (0.04) | −1.18 | −0.50 | 0.97 (0.03) | 0.94 (0.05) | 0.96 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 0.04 |
| Neutral | 0.97 (0.03) | 0.98 (0.03) | −1.02 | −0.32 | 0.96 (0.04) | 0.96 (0.03) | −1.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
†p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.