Table 3.
A comparison of photothermal metal nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications
| Material | Shape | Size | Concentration | Irradiation | Micro‐organisms | Antimicrobial efficacy a) | Log reduction | Treatment parameters | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | |||||||||
| Au | Sphere |
10 nm 20 nm 40 nm |
NR | λ = 525 nm | S. aureus |
≈20% ≈60% ≈90% |
NR | 100 laser pulses. Pulse width, 8 ns; and pulse energy, 1 µJ (0.2 J cm−2) | [ 233 ] |
| Au | Star | 50–100 nm | 1.1–1.4 × 1014 cm−2 (surface coverage) | λ = 808 nm | S. aureus | ≈96% | 1.5 |
90 mW cm−2, 30 min |
[ 82 ] |
| Au | Rod |
18 nm width 68 nm length |
NR | λ = 785 nm | P. aeruginosa | 75% | NR |
≈50 mW, 10 min |
[ 226 ] |
| Au | Oval |
≈10–30 nm width ≈20–40 nm length |
NR | λ = 670 nm | Salmonella typhimurium | 90% | NR |
40 mW, 10 min |
[ 234 ] |
| Au | Popcorn |
Not specified (≈15–40 nm) |
NR | λ = 670 nm | Salmonella typhimurium | >99% | NR |
200 mW cm−2, 20 min |
[ 85 ] |
| Van‐Fe3O4–Au | Eggs | 50–100 nm | 168.75 µg mL−1 | λ = 808 nm |
Acinetobacter baumannii E. coli Staphylococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus saprophyticus Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium |
>99% >99% >99% >99% >99% >99% |
NR |
250 mW cm−2, 3 min |
[ 84 ] |
| CuS | Plate‐like |
12–28 nm diameter |
50 ppm (Cu2+ ions) | λ = 980 nm |
S. aureus E. coli |
>80% >80% |
NR |
1.59 W cm−2, 45 min |
[ 223 ] |
| Ag | Triangular plates | ≈200 nm side length | 1.87 × 10−6 g cm−2 | λ = 808 nm |
S. aureus E. coli |
97% > 99% |
1.5 2.5 |
260 mW cm−2, 15 min |
[ 222 ] |
| SiO2‐Cy‐Van | Sphere | 72.7 ± 3.2 nm | 81.82 mg (loaded with 150 µg Cy and 2.05 µg Van) injected into mouse | λ = 808 nm | S. aureus | Qualitatively significant cell death (no quantitative statistics reported) | NR |
1.5 W cm−2, 5 min |
[ 224 ] |
| Fe3O4–Au |
Necklace (Rods surrounded by spheres) |
Rods 55 nm long 20 nm wide Spheres 15 nm |
NR | λ = 785 nm |
E. coli S. typhimurium |
Qualitatively suggests cell death (no quantitative statistics reported) | NR |
50 mW, 15 min |
[ 236 ] |
| Fe3O4‐alumina | Core–shell (sphere) | NR | 80 µg mL −1 | λ = 808 nm |
Acinetobacter baumannii E. coli Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes |
≈63% (3 min) ≈83% (5 min) >99% (10 min) ≈80% (3 min) ≈90% (5 min) ≈99% (10 min) ≈47% (3 min) ≈65% (5 min) ≈97% (10 min) ≈83% (3 min) ≈93% (5 min) ≈98% (10 min) |
NR |
640 mW cm−2, 3, 5, 10 min |
[ 237 ] |
| Fe5C2 | Spheroid | 20 nm | 50 mg L−1 | λ = 808 nm |
S. aureus E. coli |
>99% (150 min) >99% (60 min) |
6 6 |
2.5 W cm−2, 60 min, 150 min |
[ 235 ] |
| In2Se3 | Sheets | 300 nm | 150 ppm | λ = 808 nm |
S. aureus E. coli |
>99% ≈98% |
NR |
3 W cm−2, 10 min |
[ 232 ] |
| Fungi | |||||||||
| Graphene oxide | Flakes | Assorted | NR | λ = 1064 nm |
S. cerevisae Candida utilis |
>99% >99% |
4 4 |
NR | [ 238 ] |
| Polymer | Sphere | 60–300 nm | 6 µg mL−1 | λ = 808 nm | C. albicans | >99% | NR |
2 W cm−2, 5 min |
[ 239 ] |
Antimicrobial efficacy may be due to combinatorial effects with other antimicrobial mechanisms in some cases.
NR: Not reported.