Table 4.
A comparison of magnetic hyperthermia metal nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications
| Material | Shape | Size | Concentration | Magnetic field strength | Micro‐organisms | Antimicrobial efficacy a) | Log reduction | Treatment parameters | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | |||||||||
| Fe2O3– Fe3O4 | Sphere | ≈9 nm | 50 mg mL−1 | 12 kA m−1 | S. aureus | >99% | 7 |
1.05 MHz, 2 min |
[ 258 ] |
| Fe3O4 | Sphere | Not specified | 60 mg mL−1 | 3 kA m−1 | P. aeruginosa | >99% | ≈4.3 |
492 kHz, 8 min |
[ 259 ] |
| Fe3O4 | Sphere | 100 nm | NR |
18 kA m−1 31 kA m−1 40 kA m−1 |
S. aureus |
No significant difference from control >99% >99% |
0 ≈2 ≈3 |
2.1 MHz, 3 min |
[ 260 ] |
|
Fe3O4 Fe3O4–ZnO |
Porous nanocomposite spheres | 200–800 nm |
2 mg mL−1 2 mg mL−1 |
425 Oe (≈34 kA m−1) |
E. coli |
94.3% >99% |
1.24 2.58 |
250 KHz, 1 h |
[ 261 ] |
| GM3–Fe3O4 | Sphere multianchored with glycoconjugate GM3 | 23.7 ± 1.55 nm | 650 µg mL−1 | 31 kA m−1 | E. coli K99 | 95% | NR |
207 KHz, 2 h |
[ 255 ] |
| PAMAM–Fe3O4 | Sphere | 40 nm | 5 mg mL−1 | Not specified | E. coli | >99% | NR |
250 kHz, 10 min |
[ 262 ] |
| Fungi | |||||||||
| Fe3O4 | Sphere | 8.9 nm | 2.5 mg mL−1 | 10 kA m−1 | C. albicans |
≈80% 40 min ≈90% 60 min |
NR |
531.1 kHz, 40 and 60 min |
[ 263 ] |
a)
Antimicrobial efficacy may be due to combinatorial effects with other antimicrobial mechanisms in some cases. NR: Not reported.