Table 1.

Risk and protective factors for negative COVID-19–related mental health outcomes among adolescents and youths in Nepal by levels of action or interaction within the SEM

SEM level	Risk factors	Protective factors
Individual	1. Lack of understanding of lockdown restrictions 2. Exposure to 2015 earthquakes	1. Personal coping strategies 2. History of resiliency in previous stressful situations
Relationship	1. Social media	1. Family structure
Community	1. Work/sudent life changes	1. Free psychological help
Societal	1. Funding of MHS for A/Y 2. Sudden lockdown 3. Abrupt SSE postponement	1. Cultural use of facemasks 2. Repurposing of school campuses

A/Y = adolescents and youths; MHS = mental health services; SEM = socio-ecological model; SSE = secondary education examination.