Table.

Study characteristics and major results for studies included in a scoping review examining efficacy of providing additional micronutrients or conditional amino acids on coronavirus-related outcomes

Study	Population	Intervention	Comparison group	Outcomes reported	Major results
Ascorbic acid
Fowler et al 201916 RCTa PMIDb 31573637	N = 167 ICUc patients with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome Plasma ascorbate levels at baseline were marginally deficient in both groups Mean ± SDd age: 54.8 ± 16.7	Nutrient: ascorbic acid Dose: 50 mg/kg in dextrose 5% in water Mode: intravenous infusion Duration: every 6 h for 96 h	Placebo (dextrose 5% in water only)	Organ failure (modified SOFAe score), C-reactive protein levels, thrombomodulin levels	Compared with placebo, ascorbic acid did not significantly improve reported outcomes.
Lin et al 201818 Retrospective case-control PMID 29931212	N = 80 Patients in burn shock resuscitation Baseline ascorbic acid status not reported Mean ± SD age: 41±15 (intervention group) and 42.4 ± 17 (comparison group)	Nutrient: high-dose ascorbic acid Dose: started at a dose of 66 mg/kg/h Mode: intravenous infusion Duration: mean time 4:01 ± 15 h	No treatment	Ventilator-associated pneumonia, mortality	There were no significant differences in the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia or mortality between the 2 groups.
Cholecalciferol
Miroliaee et al 201721, 201819 RCT PMID 29248753 29201115	N = 49 Patients with ventilator-related pneumonia and cholecalciferol deficiency Mean ± SD age: 57.83 ± 18.84 (intervention group) and 56.45 ± 20.70 (comparison group)	Nutrient: cholecalciferol Dose: 300,000 U Mode: intramuscular Duration: N/Af	Placebo	IL-6g, CRPh, CPISi score (pneumonia score), SOFA score, mortality	Compared with placebo, cholecalciferol group had significantly lower IL-6 levels and mortality, but not CRP level and SOFA or CPIS score.
Vitamin E
Hajimahmoodi et al 200923 RCT No PMID	N = 20 ICU patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome Vitamin E status at baseline not reported Mean ± SD age: 51.2 ± 6.41	Nutrient: vitamin E (600 IU/d) Mode: intramuscular Duration: 3 d	Placebo (normal saline)	APACHEj II score	Vitamin E appeared to be beneficial in decreasing APACHE II score (significant changes in APACHE II in the intervention group).
Seeger et al 198720 Before-after study PMID 3117857	N = 14 Ventilated and intubated acute respiratory failure patients in ICU Vitamin E status at baseline was not reported Participant ages not reported	Nutrient: vitamin E (d,1-alpha-tocopherylacertate) Dose: 3 g/d Mode: enteral (liquid oil directly in gastric tube in 6 doses) Duration: 10 d or if mechanical ventilation is not needed before 10 d	No comparison group	Mortality	No difference seen in mortality according to the increase in plasma tocopherols from the intervention.
Zinc
Hasanzadeh et al 201724 Prospective cohort study PMID 28197049	N = 186 Adult mechanically ventilated trauma patients in the ICU Zinc status at baseline not reported Zinc 24.4% <30 y 51.2% 30-65 y 24.4% >65 y No zinc 21.2% <30 y 50% 30-65 y 28.8% >65 y	Nutrient: zinc sulfate Dosage: 60-90 mg/d Mode: nasogastric tube Duration: 1 y	No zinc sulfate	Occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia measured with CPIS	Patients receiving zinc sulfate had a smaller hazard of progression to ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Glutamine
Aydoğmuş et al 201222 RCT PMID 25207045	N = 40 in glutamine and comparison groups Patients on mechanical ventilator support for at least 7 d in the ICU Mean ± SD age: Nonglutamine group: 45 ± 18.2 y Glutamine group: 36.35 ± 16.37 y	Nutrient: glutamine Dose: 40 g/d Mode: TPNk Duration: 7 d	TPN without glutamine	Development of ventilator-associated pneumonia, CRP	There was no difference development of ventilator-associated pneumonia or CRP levels between groups.
Kaya et al 201717 RCT PMID 28096000	N = 88 Ventilated patients in neurosurgical ICU; expected to be ventilated at least 5 d Mean ± SD age: 48.57 ± 17.36	Nutrient: glutamine Concentration: 5% Mode: oral care Duration: 5 d	Oral care with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution	Ventilator-related pneumonia measured with Clinical Infection Score (chest x-rays; endotracheal aspirate cultures), acute APACHE II score	No difference between groups at day 1, 3, or 5 (P > .05)

^aRCT = randomized controlled trail.

^bPMID = PubMed ID.

^cICU = intensive care unit.

^dSD = standard deviation.

^eSOFA = sequential organ failure assessment.

^fN/A = not available.

^gIL-6 = interleukin-6.

^hCRP = C-reactive protein.

ⁱCPIS = Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score.

^jAPACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation.

^kTPN = total parenteral nutrition.