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. 2020 Apr 20;9(4):300. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9040300

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic outline showing plausible crosstalk between the oncoproteins of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in the induction of angiogenesis, cancer progression, apoptosis as well as cell cycle progression. We note that high-risk HPVs and EBV oncoproteins share various downstream-signaling pathways including MAPK/ERK/JNK/JNK3, PI3k/Akt and p53/p21 as well APOBEC; HPVs/EBV oncoproteins can closely cooperate in cancer development and/or enhance cancer progression.