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. 2020 Apr 24;12(4):392. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040392

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Topical and transdermal delivery of ACV from various drug carriers after 48 h, where S/Co_mix/IPM: 15 wt.% S/Co_mix at a 2:1 ratio in IPM. W/O: ME9. IL/O: ME1; (B) transdermal permeation profile of ACV from various IL/O MEs with varying S/Co ratios; (C) the total (topical + transdermal) delivery of ACV from various IL/O MEs with varying S/Co ratios after 48 h; (mean ± SD, n = 3, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001 using Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. All the drug carriers contained 5 mg/mL ACV.