Table 2.
Univariable analysis of risk factors of S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections.
| Characteristic | N = 180, n (%) | Univariable analysis [OR, p-value] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. mansoni (n = 127) | Any protozoan (n = 59) | G. intestinalis (n = 15) | E. histolytica/dispar (n = 22) | E. coli (n = 34) | ||
| Demographics | ||||||
| School | ||||||
| Mianya | 60 (33.3) | Reference | ||||
| Mbui Njeru | 60 (33.3) | 0.94, p=0.849 | 0.80, p=0.001∗ | 0.29, p=0.081 | 2.75, p=0.075 | 1.00, p=1.000 |
| Mukou | 60 (33.3) | 2.69, p = 0.024∗ | 0.58, p=0.001∗ | 0.29, p=0.081 | 1.00, p=1.000 | 1.11, p=0.817 |
| Age group | ||||||
| <10 years | 66 (36.7) | Reference | ||||
| 10–12 years | 99 (55.0) | 1.36, p=0.634 | 1.20, p=0.746 | 1.37, p=0.737 | 1.39, p=0.591 | 1.07, p=0.949 |
| >12 years | 15 (8.3) | 3.48, p=0.002∗ | 1.15, p=0.832 | — | 0.60, p=0.604 | 1.13, p=0.456 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 90 (50.0) | Reference | ||||
| Male | 90 (50.0) | 1.31, p=0.429 | 0.95, p=0.817 | 0.86, p=0.884 | 0.66, p=0.001∗ | 0.86, p=0.056 |
| Individual and household characteristics | ||||||
| Open defecation behavior | 90 (50.8) | 1.17, p=0.410 | 0.66, p=0.227 | 0.62, p=0.001∗ | 0.34, p=0.039∗ | 0.60, p=0.036∗ |
| Use of wiping material | 63 (70.8) | 1.56, p=0.550 | 0.64, p=0.001∗ | 2.16, p=0.389 | 0.18, p=0.001∗ | 0.61, p=0.011∗ |
| Contact with water bodies | 160 (88.9) | 0.78, p=0.659 | 0.70, p=0.001∗ | 1.82, p=0.493 | 0.76, p=0.212 | 0.49, p=0.161 |
| Eating unwashed food/fruits | 46 (25.6) | 1.25, p=0.784 | 1.12, p=0.673 | 0.71, p=0.020∗ | 1.11, p=0.847 | 0.87, p=0.796 |
| Handwashing after defecation at home | 163 (90.6) | 0.48, p=0.001∗ | 0.51, p=0.349 | 0.37, p=0.141 | 0.40, p=0.144 | 1.09, p=0.950 |
| Handwashing before eating at home | 161 (89.4) | 1.12,p=0.234 | 0.82, p=0.178 | 0.43, p=0.250 | 0.71, p=0.628 | 1.27, p=0.629 |
| Behavior of wearing shoes at home | 162 (90.5) | 1.77, p=0.036 | 0.89, p=0.745 | 0.65, p=0.063 | 2.38, p=0.058 | 0.74, p=0.543 |
| Presence of wiping material in the latrine | 57 (31.7) | 0.86, p=0.543 | 0.92, p=0.808 | 1.49, p=0.179 | 0.59, p=0.198 | 1.04, p=0.932 |
| Type of wiping material | ||||||
| Toilet paper | 26 (45.6) | Reference | ||||
| Leaves | 2 (3.5) | 0.37, p=0.002∗ | — | — | — | — |
| Newspaper | 29 (50.9) | 0.70, p=0.050 | 0.85, p=0.708 | 1.92, p=0.270 | 0.57, p=0.001∗ | 0.43, p=0.132 |
| Presence of a toilet handwashing station | 163 (90.6) | 1.42, p=0.256 | 0.78, p=0.034∗ | 0.41, p=0.161 | 1.62, p=0.095 | 0.85, p=0.376 |
| Damaged toilet structure | 32 (17.8) | 1.61,p=0.418 | 0.63, p=0.412 | 1.17, p=0.846 | 0.70, p=0.497 | 0.56, p=0.248 |
| Clean latrines | 137 (76.1%) | 1.21,p=0.672 | 1.84, p=0.040∗ | — | 1.47, p=0.388 | 1.26, p=0.155 |
| Improved sources of water | 65 (36.1) | 1.45, p=0.265 | 1.08, p=0.584 | 1.19, p=0.619p | 1.56, p=0.203 | 1.12, p=0.537 |
| Taken deworming medication | 133 (73.9) | 1.74, p=0.094 | 0.81, p=0.745 | 1.45, p=0.692 | 0.46, p=0.056 | 0.68, p=0.243 |
| Handwashing after defecation at school | 155 (86.6) | 1.22, p=0.001∗ | 0.98, p=0.988 | 1.00, p=0.984 | 0.47, p=0.571 | 1.20, p=0.907 |
| Handwashing before eating at school | 159 (88.3) | 0.95, p=0.870 | 0.97, p=0.960 | 0.85, p=0.433 | 0.81, p=0.722 | 2.39, p=0.574 |
| Behavior of wearing shoes at school | 158 (88.3) | 0.94, p=0.876 | 0.32, p=0.113 | 0.85, p=0.843 | 0.82, p=0.625 | 0.32, p=0.039∗ |
∗Significant association (p < 0.05); —variable omitted because of insufficient observations.