Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to ABO blood groups
| O | A | B | AB | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1333 (29.4%) | n = 2012 (44.4%) | n = 796 (17.6%) | n = 390 (8.6%) | value | |
| Sex (female %) | 46.5 | 47.5 | 48.0 | 50.3 | 0.62 |
| Age (years) | 38.0 (29.2–47.5) | 38.2 (29.2–47.8) | 39.2 (29.1–48.4) | 39.3 (29.0–48.5) | 0.81 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 21.5 (11.3–30.8) | 20.4 (11.4–30.3) | 21.3 (12.0–30.7) | 21.0 (11.2–32.7) | 0.47 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 8.3 ± 1.4 | 0.46 |
| Smoking history (%) | 46.4 | 47.5 | 47.4 | 46.9 | 0.95 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 3.5 | 25.1 ± 3.8 | 25.0 ± 3.5 | 25.0 ± 3.9 | 0.81 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.87 ± 0.09 | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.71 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134 ± 18 | 135 ± 19 | 134 ± 18 | 135. ± 20 | 0.44 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 ± 10 | 80 ± 10 | 80 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 | 0.74 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.90 ± 0.99 | 4.95 ± 1.01 | 4.87 ± 0.93 | 4.95 ± 0.95 | 0.17 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.32 ± 0.38 | 1.33 ± 0.39 | 1.35 ± 0.40 | 1.36 ± 0.41 | 0.25 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.06 (0.78–1.51) | 1.03 (0.78–1.52) | 1.01 (0.77–1.45) | 1.04 (0.75–1.40) | 0.16 |
| Hs-CRP (mg/l) | 4.5 ± 9.4 | 4.6 ± 9.4 | 4.2 ± 8.5 | 4.7 ± 9.0 | 0.64 |
| DN groups | 0.42 | ||||
| Normoalbuminuria (n, %) | 862 (64.7) | 1311 (65.2) | 505 (63.4) | 253 (64.9) | |
| Microalbuminuria (n, %) | 178 (13.4) | 251 (12.5) | 109 (13.7) | 44 (11.3) | |
| Macroalbuminuria (n, %) | 199 (14.9) | 272 (13.5) | 124 (15.6) | 55 (14.1) | |
| ESRD (n, %) | 94 (7.0) | 178 (8.8) | 58 (7.3) | 38 (9.7) | |
| Laser treatment (%) | 34.7 | 31.9 | 35.2 | 34.3 | 0.22 |
| Lipid lowering therapy (%) | 13.0 | 14.6 | 11.6 | 15.0 | 0.36 |
| Blood Pressure lowering therapy (%) | 38.8 | 39.3 | 39.0 | 40.0 | 0.98 |
| ACE/ARB users (%) | 30.3 | 31.0 | 30.7 | 30.5 | 0.98 |
| FUT2 Secretor (%) | 81.4 | 82.7 | 82.4 | 83.5 | 0.72 |
| Antibiotic purchases per person year | 0.62 (0.30–1.46) | 0.63 (0.28–1.33) | 0.59 (0.26–1.34) | 0.60 (0.28–1.30) | 0.90 |
| IHD (n, %) | 82 (6.2) | 132 (6.6) | 49 (6.2) | 30 (7.7) | 0.50 |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||
| Blue collar worker (%) | 56.9 | 58.0 | 60.7 | 57.0 | 0.48 |
| White collar worker (%) | 32.6 | 30.2 | 30.4 | 32.3 | |
| Others (%) | 3.6 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 3.2 | |
| Not known (%) | 6.9 | 7.5 | 6.1 | 7.6 | |
| Alcohol consumption (g/week) | 48.0 (24.0–84.0) | 48.0 (24.0–84.0) | 42.0 (24.0–84.0) | 36.0 (24.0–84.0) | 0.06 |
| Abstainers (%) | 26.5 | 27.1 | 26.8 | 26.7 | 0.18 |
| Missing data (%) | 9.3 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 6.2 | 0.76 |
Data are given as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range
HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, Hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, DN diabetic nephropathy, ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, HDL high-density lipoprotein, FUT2 fucosyltransferase-2, IHD ischemic heart disease
p value refers to ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test or χ2-test adjusted for age at baseline when applicable. Comparisons are made among ABO blood groups