Table 2.
Predictors of emergence from disorder of consciousness in univariate analysis
| Variable | EDoC (n = 23) | PDoC (n = 27) | p-value† | HR (95% CI)‡ | p- value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 16 (50) | 16 (50) | 0.645 | reference | |
| Female | 7 (38.9) | 11 (61.1) | 0.44 (0.17, 1.15) | 0.093 | |
| Age | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 46 (34, 62.5) | 46 (20, 60) | 0.326 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.115 |
| Level of consciousness | |||||
| VS/UWS | 4 (16) | 21 (84) | < 0.001 | reference | |
| MCS | 19 (76) | 6 (24) | 4.49 (1.52, 13.27) | 0.007 | |
| Total CRS-R score | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 13 (10,16) | 5 (4, 7.5) | < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.06, 1.28) | 0.002 |
| ≤ 6* | 1 (5.6) | 17 (94.4) | reference | ||
| > 6 | 22 (68.8) | 10 (31.2) | 10.02 (1.34, 74.61) | 0.028 | |
| Etiology | |||||
| TBI | 14 (48.3) | 15 (51.7) | 0.927 | reference | |
| Non-TBI | 9 (42.9) | 12 (57.1) | 0.8 (0.3, 1.9) | 0.61 | |
| Injury Type (n = 46) | |||||
| Extra-axial hemorrhage | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | 0.014 | reference | |
| Intra-axial lesion | 13 (34.2) | 25 (65.8) | 0.09 (0.03, 0.24) | < 0.001 | |
| Lag Time (days) | |||||
| Median (IQR) | 133 (86, 212.5) | 222 (126, 443.5) | 0.048 | 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) | < 0.001 |
| ≤ 528* | 21 (48.8) | 22 (51.2) | reference | ||
| > 528 | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 0.10 (0.01, 0.78) | 0.028 | |
| Hydrocephalus | |||||
| Present | 11 (40.7) | 16 (59.3) | 0.6 | reference | |
| Absent | 12 (52.2) | 11 (47.8) | 1.77 (0.78, 4.06) | 0.174 | |
| VP shunt | |||||
| Present | 8 (50) | 8 (50) | 0.932 | reference | |
| Absent | 15 (44.1) | 19 (55.9) | 1.28 (0.54, 3.04) | 0.573 | |
| Cranioplasty | |||||
| Present | 10 (43.5) | 13 (56.5) | 0.964 | reference | |
| Absent | 13 (48.1) | 14 (51.9) | 1.69 (0.73, 3.91) | 0.218 | |
| Anticonvulsants | |||||
| Continued | 15 (45.5) | 18 (54.5) | > 0.999 | reference | |
| Discontinued/not taking | 8 (47.1) | 9 (52.9) | 1.19 (0.5, 2.86) | 0.694 | |
| Education (n = 19) | |||||
| < 12 yrs | 3 (25) | 9 (75) | 0.156 | reference | |
| ≥ 12 yrs | 20 (54.1) | 17 (45.9) | 1.95 (0.58, 6.6) | 0.282 | |
Values are presented as median (IQR) or number (%)
CRS-R JFK Coma Recovery Scale-Revised, VS/UWS vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, MCS minimally conscious state, EDoC emergence from disorder of consciousness, PDoC prolonged disorder of consciousness, TBI traumatic brain injury, HR hazard ratio
*The optimal cutoff values of each variable were determined by maximally selected log-rank statistics
†P-value for the difference was determined by chi-squared, Fisher’s exact, the Wilcoxon rank-sum tests
‡Hazard ratio and p-value were calculated by univariate Cox proportional hazards regression