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. 2020 May 19;11:180. doi: 10.1186/s13287-020-01670-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Hyaline cartilage-like gross morphology and directional distribution of cells and ECM after co-culture in ACECM-oriented scaffold. a After culture for 3 weeks, the 3D ACECM-oriented scaffolds were filled with cells and extracellular matrix in the ACAC, ACWJ and ACCC groups, and the appearance of the engineered tissue was semitransparent and glossy. The scale of black bar is 1 cm. b Dead/live staining under 3D confocal fluorescence microscopy. The 3D-oriented scaffolds are mainly filled with green fluorescent cells (living cells), with just a few red fluorescence cells (dead cells) present after cultivation for 3 days. c SEM results. The upper row shows the high-power (HP) field, and the lower row shows the low-power (LP) field; AC group, the upper and lower pictures are cross-sectional and sagittal plane views, respectively. In the ACAC, ACWJ and ACCC groups, the HP field shows cells distributed in holes, and the LP field shows the topological structure of the ECM; black arrows indicate the topological microstructure of ECM secreted by cells