Table 2.
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Valueb | Coefficientc | 95% CI | p-Value | Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Value | Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Psychosocial variables | ||||||||||||
Loneliness (ULS-8) | 0.92 | 0.66, 1.17 | < 0.001 | 0.77 | 0.50, 1.05 | < 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.45, 1.02 | < 0.001 | 0.25 | -0.03, 0.53 | 0.08 |
Social network size (2 items from LSNS-6) | −0.37 | −0.95, 0.22 | 0.22 | −0.34 | −0.95, 0.27 | 0.27 | −0.36 | −0.91, 0.19 | 0.20 | |||
Social capital (HLSSC) | −0.49 | − 0.97, − 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.29 | − 0.78, 0.20 | 0.25 | − 0.08 | − 0.53, 0.36 | 0.71 | |||
Socio-demographic variables | ||||||||||||
Born in the UK | 1.78 | −1.32, 4.89 | 0.26 | 2.59 | − 0.20, 5.39 | 0.07 | ||||||
Independent accommodation | −2.92 | −7.70, 1.87 | 0.23 | −0.15 | −4.50, 4.19 | 0.95 | ||||||
Employment | ||||||||||||
No | reference | |||||||||||
In voluntary, protected or sheltered work | −0.85 | −5.29, 3.60 | 0.71 | 0.21 | −3.78, 4.21 | 0.92 | ||||||
In regular employment | −3.81 | −6.79, −0.82 | 0.01 | −2.65 | −5.35, 0.05 | 0.06 | ||||||
Living with a partner or with family | −0.61 | −3.36, 2.13 | 0.66 | −0.38 | −2.86, 2.10 | 0.76 | ||||||
Psychiatric variables | ||||||||||||
Number of years since first contact with mental health services | ||||||||||||
Less than 3 months | reference | |||||||||||
3 months – 1 year | −2.93 | −8.03, 2.18 | 0.26 | − 2.13 | −6.71, 2.45 | 0.36 | ||||||
1–2 years | 0.59 | −5.28, 6.46 | 0.84 | 2.31 | −2.97, 7.59 | 0.39 | ||||||
2–10 years | 1.62 | −2.26, 5.50 | 0.41 | 1.50 | −1.98, 4.98 | 0.40 | ||||||
More than 10 years | 0.63 | −3.50, 4.77 | 0.76 | −0.07 | −3.80, 3.65 | 0.97 | ||||||
Diagnosis | ||||||||||||
Psychosis | reference | |||||||||||
Bipolar affective disorder/Manic episode | −0.43 | −4.47, 3.62 | 0.84 | 0.29 | −3.34, 3.93 | 0.87 | ||||||
Depressive/Anxiety disorders | 0.05 | −3.49, 3.58 | 0.98 | 0.51 | −2.66, 3.68 | 0.75 | ||||||
Personality disorders | 2.13 | −2.26, 6.53 | 0.34 | 1.11 | −2.87, 5.10 | 0.58 | ||||||
Other disorders | −2.99 | −8.10, 2.12 | 0.25 | −2.75 | −7.33, 1.84 | 0.24 | ||||||
Overall symptoms at baseline (BPRS) | 0.49 | 0.38, 0.61 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
R2adj | 0.138 | 0.149 | 0.181 | 0.344 |
CI Confidence Interval, ULS-8 UCLA Loneliness Scale-8, LSNS-6 Lubben Social Network Scale-6, HLSSC Health and Lifestyles Survey Social Capital Questionnaire, BPRS Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, R2adj adjusted-R2
aUsing multivariable linear regression analyses with overall symptom severity score at 4-month follow-up as dependent variable and factors with p < 0.25 in both Additional file 1: Tables S2 and S3 as independent variables
bSignificant p-values printed in bold
cNegative regression coefficient = less severe overall symptoms