Table 2. Relative vaccine effectiveness of high-dose vs standard dose influenza vaccination and mortality by influenza period, matched and adjusted using Cox proportional hazards model, among predominantly male, white, senior veterans, United States, 2012/13–2014/15 (n = 569,552).
| Population | Season | Influenza/pneumonia cause of death | Cardiorespiratory cause of death | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza period | |||||||
| Early | High | Late | Early | High | Late | ||
| rVE % (95% CI) | rVE % (95% CI) | ||||||
| All subjects | 2012/13 | 0 (−56–36) |
23 (−83 to 67) |
4 (−143 to 62) |
5 (−41 to 37) |
23 (13 to 32) |
3 (−39 to 32) |
| 2013/14 | 10 (−88 to 57) |
32 (−17 to 60) |
13 (−86 to 59) |
7 (−8 to 20) |
28 (19 to 35) |
9 (−5 to 22) |
|
| 2014/15 | 23 (−5 to 43) |
47 (21 to 65) |
16 (−46 to 52) |
14 (8 to 20) |
30 (23 to 36) |
13 (2 to 22) |
|
| Pooled | 17 (−3 to 37) |
42 (24 to 59) |
13 (−22 to 48) |
13 (7 to 18) |
27 (23 to 32) |
11 (3 to 19) |
|
| Excluding subjects with greater than 5% predicted mortality | 2012/13 | −1 (−60 to 36) |
22 (−79 to 73) |
−5 (−696 to 86) |
−4 (−130 to 53) |
24 (−18 to 51) |
−3 (−34 to 21) |
| 2013/14 | −2 (−124 to 53) |
37 (−9 to 64) |
1 (−119 to 55) |
2 (−30 to 26) |
21 (4 to 35) |
0 (−28 to 22) |
|
| 2014/15 | 6 (−165 to 67) |
41 (9 to 55) |
−8 (−389 to 76) |
8 (−18 to 28) |
31 (19 to 41) |
7 (−13 to 24) |
|
| Pooled | 1 (−44 to 46) |
36 (10 to 62) |
−4 (−98 to 89) |
2 (−28 to 32) |
25 (12 to 38) |
1 (−12 to 15) |
|
CI: confidence interval; rVE: relative vaccine effectiveness.