Table 11.

Highest concentrations of selected elements reported in comparable road dust studies.

City	V	Cr	Co	Cu	Zn	Pb	Fe	Reference	Analytical Method	Digestive Fluid Composition*	Sieve Size (μm)
Units	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	wt%
Philadelphia, USA	121	645	1,131	1,478	3,035	6,147	12.34	This study	ICP-OES	HNO3+HCl	<841
Boston, USA	-	530	-	2,130	1,208	1,639	10.0	Apeagyei et al., 2011	XRFa	-	<2000
Baoji, China	144	215	23	260	1,778	1,970	-	Lu et al., 2010	XRF	-	<1000
Dongying, China	175	160	31	197	3,273	523	-	Kong et al., 2011	ICP-MS	HCl+HF	<100
Lanzhou, China	-	62	-	73	297	63	3.39	Wang et al., 2012	XRF	-	<1000
Urumqi, China	-	175	25	252	846	99	-	Wei et al., 2009	ICP-MS	HNO3+HF+H2SO4	<149
Wuhan, China	90	103	-	125	355	265	5.35	Yang et al., 2010	XRF	-	<1000
Xi’an, China	-	853	-	1,071	2,112	3,060	-	Yongming et al., 2006	AAS	HCl+HF+HClO4+H2SO4+HNO	<1000
Alexandria, Egypt	102	149	-	242	8,153	710	3.9	Khairy et al., 2011	FAASb	HNO3+HF+HClO4+H3BO3	None
Witbank, South Africa	4,410	43,000	64	300	1,334	835	17.4	Žibret et al., 2013	ICP-MS	Not Listed	<125
Kayseri, Turkey	-	81.2	-	144	733	312	-	Tokalıoğlu and Kartal, 2006	FAAS	HNO3+HCl+CH3COOH+HONH2+H2O2+NH4OAC	None - ground
Samsun City, Turkey			42	352	173	224		Kabadayi and Cesur, 2010	FAAS	HNO3+HCl	None
Birmingham, UK	-	-	-	6,688	3,165	146	-	Charlesworth et al., 2003	AAS	HNO3+HClO4+H2SO4+LaCl3	<1000

^a= X-ray fluorescence

^b= Flame atomic absorption spectrometry

^*= Composition of primary digestion, see manuscripts for Hg digestive fluids and all details