Table 2.

Recognized associations with troponin elevation

•	Myocardial infarction (MINOCA)
•	Heterophile antibodies, such as in rheumatoid arthritis (troponin I)
•	Renal impairment (troponin T)
•	Congestive heart failure (severe)
•	Aortic stenosis
•	Aortic dissection
•	Severe pulmonary hypertension
•	Pulmonary embolism
•	Tachycardia with haemodynamic compromise
•	Direct injury to the heart (accidental trauma, ablation, cardiac surgery)
•	Toxins (e.g. adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil)
•	Percutaneous coronary intervention
•	Myocarditis, pericarditis, infective endocarditis
•	Cerebrovascular accident
•	Sepsis, critical illness
•	Extensive burns
•	Stroke, subarachnoidal haemorrhage
•	Prolonged strenuous endurance exercise