Table 1b:
Cohort characteristics (by procedure)
| Variable | Median (IQR) (Total N=2098) | No CIED Infection (N = 1997) | CIED infection (N = 101) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CIED infection | ||||
| No CIED infection | 1,997 (95.2%) | 1,997 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| CIED infection | 101 (4.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 101 (100%) | |
| Definite | 94 (4.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 94 (93.1%) | |
| Possible | 5 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Probable | 2 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.0%) | |
| Type of CIED infection | ||||
| Superficial + cellulitis | 33 (33%) | 0 (0.0%) | 33 (33.0%) | |
| Deep | 68 (67%) | 0 (0.0%) | 68 (67.0%) | |
| Device and Procedural characteristics | ||||
| Bi-Ventricular Pacemaker | 36 (1.7%) | 34 (1.7%) | 2 (2.0%) | 0.69 |
| Bi-Ventricular Pacemaker-ICD | 278 (13.3%) | 262 (13.1%) | 16 (15.8%) | 0.43 |
| Permanent Pacemaker | 1,199 (57.1%) | 1,152 (57.7%) | 47 (46.5%) | 0.027 |
| ICD | 600 (28.6%) | 564 (28.2%) | 36 (35.6%) | 0.11 |
| Repeat device procedure | 41 (2.0%) | 34 (1.7%) | 2 (2.0%) | 0.69 |
| Revisiona | 781 (37.2%) | 262 (13.1%) | 16 (15.8%) | 0.43 |
| Medications & Pre-procedure | ||||
| Anti-coagulant medications | 819 (39.0%) | 775 (38.8%) | 44 (43.6%) | 0.34 |
| Anti-platelet medications | 276 (13.2%) | 263 (13.2%) | 13 (12.9%) | 0.93 |
| INR >1.5% | 276 (13.2%) | 256 (12.8%) | 20 (19.8%) | 0.043 |
| INR not measured | 219 (10.4%) | 212 (10.6%) | 7 (6.9%) | 0.24 |
| Feverb | 173 (8.2%) | 145 (7.3%) | 28 (27.7%) | <.0001 |
| Infection prevention measures | ||||
| Pre-procedure chlorhexidine | 597 (28.5%) | 581 (29.1%) | 16 (15.8%) | |
| Pre-procedure mupirocin | 13 (0.6%) | 12 (0.6%) | 1 (1.0%) | 0.47 |
| Antimicrobial mesh pocket | 122 (5.8%) | 117 (5.9%) | 5 (5.0%) | |
| Antibiotic solution | 1,727 (87.4%) | 1,648 (87.1%) | 79 (92.9%) | 0.7 |
| Pre-procedure antibiotics | 2,034 (96.9%) | 1,935 (96.9%) | 99 (98.0%) | 0.77 |
| None | 64 (3.1%) | 62 (3.1%) | 2 (2.0%) | |
| Other | 74 (3.5%) | 72 (3.6%) | 2 (2.0%) | |
| Beta-lactam | 957 (45.6%) | 916 (45.9%) | 41 (40.6%) | |
| Vancomycin | 927 (44.2%) | 873 (43.7%) | 54 (53.5%) | |
| Vancomycin plus Beta-lactam | 76 (3.6%) | 74 (3.7%) | 2 (2.0%) | |
| Post-procedure antibiotics | 1,649 (78.6%) | 1,577 (79.0%) | 72 (71.3%) | 0.066 |
| Duration of post-procedure antibiotics | ||||
| 0 | 476 (22.7%) | 445 (22.3%) | 31 (30.7%) | |
| <24 hours | 641 (30.6%) | 613 (30.7%) | 28 (27.7%) | |
| 24–48 hours | 37 (1.8%) | 34 (1.7%) | 3 (3.0%) | |
| >48 hours | 944 (45.0%) | 905 (45.3%) | 39 (38.6%) | |
| Complications | ||||
| Any complication | 287 (13.7%) | 249 (12.5%) | 38 (37.6%) | <.0001 |
| Wound complication | 21 (1.0%) | 15 (0.8%) | 6 (5.9%) | <.0001 |
| Hematoma | 131 (6.2%) | 111 (5.6%) | 20 (19.8%) | <.0001 |
| Other complication | 149 (7.1%) | 130 (6.5%) | 19 (18.8%) | <.0001 |
a
Includes generator/battery changes
b
Fever was defined as a temperature ≥100.4°F (38°C) within 24 hours post-procedure