Table 4.
Prevalence Rates (PR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) for Medical Risk Factors and Obstetric Procedures by Maternal Race/Ethnicity, Benton and Washington Counties, Arkansas, 1997–2013
| NH-Black | Hispanic | Marshallese | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=1,680) | (n=21,654 ) | (n=2,488 ) | ||||
| PR (95% CI) | PR* (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR* (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | PR* (95% CI) | |
| MEDICAL RISK FACTORS | ||||||
| No medical risk factors | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Anemia (Hct <30/Hgb <10) | 1.94 (1.47–2.55) | 1.90 (1.44–2.51) | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | 0.80 (0.68–0.93) | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) | 0.84 (0.60–1.17) |
| Cardiac disease | 0.88 (0.39–1.97) | 0.91 (0.40–2.06) | 0.40 (0.28–0.57) | 0.49 (0.32–0.74) | 0.82 (0.41–1.66) | 1.01 (0.49–2.09) |
| Acute or chronic lung disease | 1.02 (0.67–1.55) | 0.98 (0.64–1.52) | 0.42 (0.35–0.51) | 0.43 (0.34–0.54) | 0.10 (0.03–0.31) | 0.06 (0.02–0.25) |
| Diabetes | 1.38 (1.07–1.78) | 1.47 (1.13–1.91) | 1.93 (1.79–2.08) | 1.45 (1.30–1.61) | 1.36 (1.09–1.69) | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) |
| Genital herpes | 1.80 (1.30–2.49) | 1.68 (1.20–2.36) | 0.34 (0.27–0.42) | 0.34 (0.26–0.45) | 0.27 (0.13–0.54) | 0.19 (0.08–0.45) |
| Polyhydramnios/oligohydramnios | 0.97 (0.57–1.65) | 1.00 (0.58–1.7) | 1.58 (1.37–1.82) | 1.37 (1.14–1.65) | 1.69 (1.20–2.37) | 1.38 (0.95–2.01) |
| Hemoglobinopathy | 10.96 (2.28–52.72) | 11.59 (2.59–51.97) | 0.44 (0.05–3.58) | 0.37 (0.01–10.06) | - | - |
| Hypertension, chronic | 2.08 (1.44–2.99) | 2.35 (1.63–3.38) | 0.53 (0.43–0.66) | 0.43 (0.32–0.57) | 0.44 (0.23–0.85) | 0.53 (0.27–1.04) |
| Hypertension, pg associated | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | 0.72 (0.66–0.79) | 0.72 (0.65–0.80) | 0.27 (0.18–0.40) | 0.34 (0.23–0.51) |
| Eclampsia | 1.30 (0.48–3.52) | 1.55 (0.55–4.35) | 0.88 (0.60–1.29) | 0.91 (0.55–1.51) | - | - |
| Incompetent cervix | 2.47 (1.08–5.63) | 2.39 (1.03–5.57) | 0.99 (0.66–1.49) | 1.25 (0.75–2.11) | - | - |
| Previous infant ≥4000 grams | 0.63 (0.37–1.07) | 0.65 (0.39–1.11) | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) | 0.78 (0.53–1.16) | 0.57 (0.37–0.89) |
| Previous preterm or small infant | 1.27 (0.91–1.78) | 1.16 (0.82–1.65) | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 1.62 (1.26–2.09) | 0.87 (0.65–1.15) |
| Renal disease | 0.57 (0.14–2.30) | 0.56 (0.14–2.24) | 0.50 (0.32–0.78) | 0.43 (0.26–0.74) | 1.59 (0.78–3.24) | 1.45 (0.70–2.98) |
| Rh sensitization | 0.35 (0.09–1.41) | 0.39 (0.10–1.56) | 0.32 (0.21–0.49) | 0.39 (0.23–0.66) | - | - |
| Uterine bleeding | 0.61 (0.27–1.36) | 0.66 (0.30–1.48) | 0.76 (0.61–0.95) | 0.69 (0.52–0.92) | 0.36 (0.15–0.87) | 0.34 (0.14–0.83) |
| Other medical risk factors | 1.42 (1.23–1.64) | 1.32 (1.13–1.53) | 0.77 (0.72–0.82) | 0.70 (0.65–0.76) | 1.85 (1.67–2.05) | 1.47 (1.30–1.65) |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | 1.29 (0.77–2.15) | 1.18 (0.71–1.96) | 0.42 (0.32–0.55) | 0.34 (0.24–0.48) | 0.48 (0.24–0.96) | 0.36 (0.18–0.74) |
| Tobacco use during pregnancy | 0.59 (0.50–0.69) | 0.52 (0.44–0.60) | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.17 (0.13–0.22) | 0.06 (0.05–0.08) |
| OBSTETRIC PROCEDURES | ||||||
| No obstetric procedure performed | 1.14 (0.92–1.42) | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) | 0.79 (0.73–0.86) | 0.64 (0.58–0.71) | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | 0.60 (0.46–0.77) |
| Amniocentesis | 0.94 (0.64–1.38) | 1.02 (0.70–1.50) | 0.46 (0.39–0.54) | 0.49 (0.40–0.60) | 0.31 (0.18–0.55) | 0.51 (0.28–0.90) |
| Electronic fetal monitoring | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 1.11 (1.10–1.12) | 1.13 (1.11–1.15) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) |
| Induction of labor | 0.65 (0.58–0.73) | 0.67 (0.59–0.74) | 0.71 (0.69–0.73) | 0.77 (0.74–0.80) | 0.19 (0.16–0.23) | 0.20 (0.17–0.25) |
| Stimulation of labor | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 0.83 (0.73–0.95) | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | 1.15 (1.10–1.20) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 1.04 (0.93–1.15) |
| Tocolysis | 1.46 (1.14–1.87) | 1.43 (1.11–1.84) | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.70 (1.40–2.06) | 1.43 (1.16–1.76) |
| Ultrasound | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) | 0.90 (0.89–0.91) | 0.88 (0.87–0.89) | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | 1.16 (1.13–1.19) |
| Other obstetric procedures | 1.30 (1.07–1.58) | 1.31 (1.08–1.6) | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) |
| COMPLICATIONS OF LABOR | ||||||
| No complications of labor/delivery | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 0.82 (0.79–0.85) |
| Febrile (>100°F or 38°C) | 0.87 (0.55–1.38) | 0.70 (0.42–1.17) | 1.30 (1.15–1.47) | 1.59 (1.37–1.84) | 0.61 (0.38–0.97) | 0.80 (0.48–1.34) |
| Meconium, moderate/heavy | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) | 1.50 (1.39–1.61) | 1.35 (1.23–1.48) | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) | 1.34 (1.08–1.65) |
| Premature rupture of membrane >12hrs | 1.14 (0.80–1.62) | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 0.62 (0.42–0.92) | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) |
| Abruptio placenta | 1.05 (0.52–2.12) | 0.99 (0.49–2.02) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.60 (0.43–0.84) | 1.10 (0.62–1.96) | 0.69 (0.38–1.26) |
| Placenta previa | 0.47 (0.12–1.89) | 0.52 (0.13–2.11) | 1.15 (0.86–1.54) | 1.03 (0.69–1.55) | 0.82 (0.34–1.99) | 0.71 (0.27–1.84) |
| Other excessive bleeding | 0.38 (0.09–1.53) | 0.41 (0.10–1.65) | 1.56 (1.23–1.98) | 1.50 (1.12–2.02) | 0.94 (0.44–2.00) | 1.00 (0.45–2.21) |
| Seizures during labor | 9.59 (3.21–28.66) | 9.53 (2.76–32.88) | 1.92 (0.87–4.23) | 2.37 (0.87–6.41) | 1.68 (0.22–12.66) | 1.14 (0.16–7.92) |
| Precipitate labor | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 0.95 (0.66–1.37) | 1.93 (1.76–2.11) | 1.51 (1.35–1.69) | 4.17 (3.58–4.85) | 2.65 (2.22–3.17) |
| Prolonged labor (>20 hours) | 0.57 (0.24–1.38) | 0.64 (0.26–1.55) | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | 0.94 (0.70–1.25) | 0.24 (0.08–0.75) | 0.44 (0.14–1.38) |
| Dysfunctional labor | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | 0.91 (0.69–1.20) | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.53 (0.39–0.72) | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) |
| Breech/malpresentation | 0.83 (0.65–1.07) | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 1.05 (0.85–1.28) |
| Cephalopelvic disproportion | 0.71 (0.45–1.13) | 0.77 (0.48–1.22) | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) | 1.23 (1.05–1.43) | 0.19 (0.09–0.40) | 0.33 (0.15–0.74) |
| Cord prolapse | 1.05 (0.39–2.83) | 1.10 (0.40–3.04) | 0.74 (0.51–1.07) | 0.53 (0.34–0.82) | 1.10 (0.49–2.49) | 0.98 (0.41–2.36) |
| Anesthetic complications | - | - | 0.43 (0.18–1.01) | 0.54 (0.19–1.54) | 0.63 (0.09–4.57) | 0.70 (0.09–5.41) |
| Fetal distress | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) | 1.13 (0.92–1.39) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | 1.62 (1.41–1.87) | 1.89 (1.62–2.21) |
| Other complications of labor and delivery | 1.33 (1.20–1.48) | 1.27 (1.14–1.41) | 0.92 (0.88–0.96) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.63 (1.51–1.76) | 1.67 (1.53–1.82) |
| METHOD OF DELIVERY | ||||||
| Vaginal delivery | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.94 (0.91–0.96) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) |
| Vaginal birth after prior C-section | 0.69 (0.40–1.19) | 0.64 (0.35–1.17) | 1.45 (1.28–1.65) | 1.32 (1.12–1.55) | 1.33 (0.95–1.85) | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) |
| Primary C-section | 1.24 (1.12–1.37) | 1.22 (1.11–1.35) | 0.77 (0.74–0.80) | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) |
| Repeat C-section | 1.16 (1.02–1.32) | 1.19 (1.04–1.35) | 1.29 (1.24–1.34) | 1.23 (1.17–1.30) | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) |
| Forceps | 0.87 (0.58–1.30) | 0.93 (0.62–1.39) | 0.54 (0.46–0.63) | 0.73 (0.62–0.87) | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 1.68 (1.16–2.43) |
| Vacuum | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 1.89 (1.60–2.22) |
NH=Non-Hispanic; PR=Prevalence Ratio; Hct: hematocrit; Hgb: hemoglobin
*
Adjusted by maternal age, education, parity, and marital status