Table 1. Prenatal and study baseline (6–9 weeks postpartum) characteristics of women with gestational diabetes mellitus in the SWIFT cohort.
| Characteristic | Incident T2D (n = 173) |
Non-T2D (n = 485) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prenatal characteristics | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 33.2 (5.2) | 32.9 (4.5) | 0.53 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | 0.98 | ||
| White | 29 (16.7) | 89 (18.4) | |
| Asian | 52 (29.9) | 144 (29.8) | |
| Black | 22 (12.6) | 55 (11.4) | |
| Hispanic | 69 (39.7) | 190 (39.3) | |
| Other | 2 (1.2) | 6 (1.24) | |
| Parity, n (%) | 0.92 | ||
| Primiparous (1 birth) | 55 (31.6) | 161 (33.3) | |
| Biparous (2 births) | 65 (37.4) | 177 (36.6) | |
| Multiparous (>2 births) | 54 (31.0) | 146 (30.2) | |
| GDM treatment, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Diet only | 75 (43.1) | 346 (71.5) | |
| Oral medications | 80 (46.0) | 130 (26.9) | |
| Insulin | 19 (10.9) | 8 (1.7) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 33.6 (8.3) | 31.6 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Sum of prenatal 3-hour 100-g OGTT glucose z-scores, mean (SD) | 1.3 (3.1) | −0.2 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 104 (59.8) | 239 (49.4) | 0.018 |
| Baseline characteristics at 6–9 weeks postpartum | |||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 33.4 (7.6) | 31.9 (6.4) | 0.02 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 5.6 (0.6) | 5.2 (0.4) | <0.001 |
| 2-hour post-load plasma glucose (75-g OGTT), mmol/l, mean (SD) | 7.3 (1.6) | 6.0 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma insulin pmol/l, median (IQR) | 181.3 (124.3–265.3) | 139.6 (96.5–207.7) | <0.001 |
| 2-hour plasma insulin, pmol/l, median (IQR) | 771.6 (502.1–1,074.4) | 565.3 (375.0–822.3) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma triglycerides, mmol/l, median (IQR) | 1.3 (0.9–2.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 0.005 |
| Fasting plasma ln triglycerides, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 0.34 (0.6) | 0.19 (0.5) | 0.002 |
| Fasting plasma HDL-C, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 1.26 (0.3) | 1.33 (0.4) | 0.008 |
| Fasting plasma total cholesterol, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 5.1 (0.9) | 5.2 (0.9) | 0.19 |
| Fasting plasma LDL-C, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 3.1 (0.8) | 3.3 (0.8) | 0.04 |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 6.6 (4.5–10.1) | 4.6 (3.2–7.1) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-B, median (IQR) | 260 (172–366) | 240 (181–345) | 0.33 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 13 (7.5) | 25 (5.2) | 0.30 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 5 (2.9) | 9 (1.9) | 0.43 |
| Dietary glycemic index, mean (SD) | 244.7 (107.7) | 238.1 (107.1) | 0.49 |
| Dietary intake, percentage of kilocalories as animal fat, mean (SD) | 27.0 (7.6) | 25.0 (8.5) | 0.006 |
| Physical activity score, met-hours per week, mean (SD) | 51.3 (24.0) | 47.3 (20.7) | 0.06 |
Data are presented as the mean (SD) unless otherwise noted.
Chi-square test for categorical variables (n, %), t-test for continuous variables (Mean, SD), and Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Median, IQR).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment for beta cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; T2D, type 2 diabetes.