Table 1.

Protective effects of some other plants or natural products against various Monosodium glutamate (MSG) toxicities

Compound	Dose or Concentration	Experimental model	Target MSG-induced toxicity	Effects	References
Tanshinone IIA	2.5-10 μM	Human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y	Neurotoxicity	↑SOD, CAT, Bcl-2, ↓ROS, MDA, Protein carbonyl content, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 apoptosis, JNK1/2, p38 MAPK	(187)
Sida acuta Leaf Extract	400 mg/kg/day, p.o., 14 days	Female rats	Neurotoxicity	↑ GSH,SOD and CAT activity↓ MDA level	(188)
Ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata	200 and 400 mg/kg/day, p.o., 7 days	Wistar albino rats	Neurotoxicity	↑ GSH,SOD and CAT activity↓ MDA level↓ Ca+2 and Na+ levels↑ level of K+	(189)
Naringenin	25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L	Cultured hippocampal cells	Neurotoxicity	↑ Erk1/2 and Akt phosphorylation↓ Caspase-3	(190)
Methanolic and hydroalcoholic extract of Solanum torvum	100 and 300 mg/kg/day, p.o, 14 days	Swiss albino mice	Neurotoxicity	↑ GSH,SOD and CAT activity↓ MDA level	(191)
tetramethylpyrazine	10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/day, i.p, 10 days	Kunming mice	Neurotoxicity	↓ Expression NMDA receptor type 1 blocking Ca2+ influx	(192)
Aqueous extract of Rosemary	10 ml/kg/day, p.o., 42 days	Male albino rats	Neurotoxicity	↑ CAT activity, HDL level↓ MDA level, Cholesterol and LDL	(193)
Piperine	10 mg/kg/day, p.o., 14 days	Male Wistar rats	Neurotoxicity	↑ GSH content ↓ MDA level, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and caspase-3	(194)
Butanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia	10 and 20 μg/mL	Primary cerebellar cells	Neurotoxicity	↑ BCL-XL, MAP-2,GAP-43 and NF200↓ NF-κB, AP-1,iNOS, Cyclin D1 and IL-6	(195)
Ethanolic extract of garlic (Allium sativum)	12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day, p.o., 10 days	Male Wistar rats	Neuronal excitotoxicity	Improved working memory performances	(196)
Moringa oleifera leaves extract	200 mg/kg/day, p.o., 28 days	Male albino rats	Hepatotoxicity and Genotoxicity	↑ GSH,SOD, GST and CAT activity↓ MDA level and hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT)	(197)
Aqueous extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum	0.5 and 1 g/kg/day, p.o., 28 days	Neonatal Wistar rats	Dyslipidemia	↑ HDL, GSH,SOD, GST and CAT activity↓ MDA level, total cholesterol, triglyceridesand and hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT)	(198)
Aqueous extract of Qing brick tea	75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day, p.o., 140 days	CD1 mice	Metabolic syndrome	↑ CAT, SOD and GPx activity↑ HO-1, Nrf2 and p-Akt expression ↓ MDA level, ROS and protein carbonylation↓ Cholesterol, triglyceride and FBS	(199)
Quercetin	75 mg/kg/day, i.p., 42 days	Male Wistar rats	Metabolic syndrome	↑ HDL, Total protein ↓ AST, ALT, ALP, LDH and Amylase↓ Cholesterol, triglyceride , LDL and VLDL, Creatinine	(35)
Quince (Cydonia Oblonga) leaf extract	500 mg/kg/day, p.o., 56 days	Male Wistar rats	Reproductive toxicity	↑ FSH and testosterone ↑ Epididymal sperm population and motility	(200)
Centella asciatica	100 and 200 mg/kg/day, 7 days	Female SpragueDawley rats	excitotoxicity	↑CAT, SOD ↓GSH, ROS, TBAR	(201)
Piper longum	300 mg/kg, 21 days	Male Wistar rats	Oxidative stress	↑ALT, AST ↓Lipid peroxides, GSH, Cholesterol, triacylglycerol	(202)
Garlic (Allium sativum)	100 mg/kg, 60 days	Wistar rats	Fibroid	↓ Cholesterol, estrogen, serum protein	(203)
Flaxseed Oil	1.2 ml/kg , 6 weeks	Male Wistar albino rats	Brain Injury	↑ Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin ↓ ALT, AST, Urea, Creatinine, MDA,	(204)
Syzygium cumini	0.5 or 1.0 g/kg/day, 8 weeks	Newborn male Wistar rats	Obesity	↑ Liver function ↓ Body weight, Fasting glucose, cholesterol, Triglycerides, Free fatty acids, ER Stress, Hepatic XBP-1s/PDI/MTP Axis	(205)
Syzygium cumini	500 mg/kg, 30 days	Newborn male Wistar rats	Metabolic syndrome	↓white adipose tissue, weight gain, Lee Index, triglyceride, cholesterol	(206)
Qing brick tea	75, 150 and 300 mg/kg, 20 weeks	Breeding CD1 mice	Metabolic syndrome	↑ SOD, GPx, CAT, GR, Nrf2/ HO-1, expression of p-AKT and GLUT4 ↓ MDA, ROS, protein carbonylation	(207)
coconut water	10 mL/kg b.w, 15 days	Male mice	Male infertility	↑ Sperm concentration, sperm motility, viable sperm	(208)
Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds	0.5 and 1.0 g/ kg b.w.	Neonatal male Wistar rats	Fat deposition and dyslipidemia	↓ Body weight, Lee’s index, white adipose tissue weights, adiposity index, glucose, insulin, leptin, LDL-C, VLDL-C, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, and homeostatic model assessment index	(209)
Sapindus emariganatus	200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, 28 days	wistar albino rats	Obesity	↓ Body weight, glucose, cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, SGOT, SGPT, ALP	(210)
Cedrus deodara	100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o./day, 60 days.	Female Albino Wistar rats	Hyperlipidemic	↑ HDL ↓ body weight, serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL	(174)
Mimusops elengi	100 and 200 mg/kg, 7 days	Adult female Wistar rats	Oxidative stress and excitotoxicity	↑ Locomotor activity, GSH, total thiols, GST, CAT ↓ LPO, brain nitrite	(211)
Tinospora cordifolia	20 μg/ml, 24 h	Primary cerebellar neurons	Excitotoxicity	↑ NF-κB, AP-1, HSP70, Mortalin ↓ MAP-2, GAP-43, NF200,Bcl-xL,	(195)