Table 2. Participants’ clinical, lifestyle and functional status information and the sarcopenia status (n = 506).
| Variables | Total, n (%) | Presence of sarcopenia, n (%) | No sarcopenia, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Presence of sarcopenia | 144 (28.5) | 362 (71.5) | |
| Duration of diabetes | |||
| • <10 years | 285 (56.3) | 74 (26.0) | 211 (74.0) |
| • ≥10 years | 221 (43.7) | 70 (31.7) | 151 (68.3) |
| Types of antidiabetic agents (ADA) | |||
| • Oral ADA only | 326 (64.2) | 99 (30.5) | 227 (69.5) |
| • Oral ADA and insulin | 153 (30.3) | 41 (26.8) | 112 (73.2) |
| • Insulin only | 28 (5.5) | 4 (14.3) | 24 (85.7) |
| No. of ADA types | |||
| • One type | 158 (31.2) | 39 (24.7) | 119 (75.3) |
| • ≥2 types | 348 (68.8) | 105 (32.2) | 243 (69.8) |
| Use of insulin sensitizers | |||
| • Yes | 464 (91.7) | 137 (29.5) | 327 (70.5) |
| • No | 42 (8.3) | 7 (16.7) | 35 (83.3) |
| Use of insulin | |||
| • Yes | 181 (35.8) | 45 (25.9) | 136 (75.1) |
| • No | 325 (64.2) | 99 (30.5) | 226 (69.5) |
| Use of non-insulin sensitizers | |||
| • Yes | 258 (51.0) | 77 (29.8) | 181 (70.2) |
| • No | 248 (49.0) | 67 (27.0) | 181 (73.0) |
| Use of sulphonylureas | |||
| • Yes | 258 (51.0) | 77 (29.8) | 181 (70.2) |
| • No | 248 (49.0) | 67 (27.0) | 181 (73.0) |
| Use of dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors | |||
| • Yes | 6 (1.2) | 3 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) |
| • No | 500 (98.8) | 141 (28.2) | 359 (71.8) |
| Use of alpha-glucosidase | |||
| • Yes | 8 (1.6) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) |
| • No | 498 (98.4) | 139 (27.9) | 359 (72.1) |
| Presence of diabetes complication | |||
| • None | 222 (43.8) | 63 (28.4) | 159 (71.6) |
| • One complication | 185 (36.6) | 55 (29.7) | 130 (70.3) |
| • ≥2 complications | 99 (19.6) | 26 (26.3) | 73 (73.7) |
| Types of diabetes complications (n = 284) | |||
| • Retinopathy ◦ Yes ◦ No |
|||
| 215 (75.7) | 62 (28.8) | 153 (71.2) | |
| 69 (24.3) | 19 (27.5) | 50 (72.5) | |
| • Nephropathy ◦ Yes ◦ No |
|||
| 30 (10.6) | 10 (33.3) | 20 (66.7) | |
| 254 (89.4) | 71 (28.0) | 183 (72.0) | |
| • Neuropathy ◦ Yes ◦ No |
|||
| 126 (44.4) | 29 (23.0) | 97 (77.0) | |
| 158 (55.6) | 52 (32.9) | 106 (67.1) | |
| • Peripheral vascular disease | |||
| ◦ Yes ◦ No |
25 (8.8) | 7 (28.0) | 18 (72.0) |
| 259 (91.2) | 74 (28.6) | 185 (71.4) | |
| • Coronary heart disease | |||
| ◦ Yes ◦ No |
9 (3.2) | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) |
| 275 (96.8) | 78 (28.4) | 197 (71.6) | |
| Concurrent hypertension | |||
| • Yes | 484 (95.7) | 134 (27.7) | 350 (72.3) |
| • No | 22 (4.3) | 10 (45.5) | 12 (54.5) |
| Use of anti-hypertensive agents (n = 484) | |||
| • None | 21 (4.4) | 7 (33.3) | 14 (66.7) |
| • One type | 140 (28.9) | 42 (30.0) | 98 (70.0) |
| • ≥2 types | 323 (66.7) | 85 (26.3) | 238 (73.7) |
| Types of anti-hypertensive agents (n = 484) | |||
| • Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor | |||
| ◦ Yes ◦ No |
328 (67.8) | 99 (30.2) | 229 (69.8) |
| 156 (32.2) | 35 (22.4) | 121 (77.6) | |
| • Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers | |||
| ◦ Yes ◦ No |
39 (8.1) | 2 (5.1) | 37 (94.9) |
| 445 (91.9) | 132 (29.7) | 313 (70.3) | |
| • Calcium channel blockers | |||
| ◦ Yes ◦ No |
310 (64.0) | 86 (27.7) | 224 (72.3) |
| 174 (36.0) | 48 (27.6) | 126 (72.4) | |
| • Beta blockers | |||
| ◦ Yes ◦ No |
123 (25.4) | 28 (22.8) | 95 (77.2) |
| 361 (74.6) | 106 (29.4) | 255 (70.6) | |
| • Diuretics | |||
| ◦ Yes ◦ No |
154 (31.8) | 39 (25.3) | 115 (74.7) |
| 330 (68.2) | 95 (28.8) | 235 (71.2) | |
| • Alpha blockers | |||
| ◦ Yes ◦ No |
9 (1.9) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) |
| 475 (98.1) | 130 (27.4) | 345 (72.6) | |
| Concurrent dyslipidaemia | |||
| • Yes | 485 (95.8) | 136 (28.0) | 349 (72.0) |
| • No | 21 (4.2) | 8 (38.1) | 13 (61.9) |
| Use of lipid lowering agents | |||
| • Statins | 439 (90.5) | 121 (27.6) | 318 (72.4) |
| • Fibrates | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) |
| • None | 43 (8.9) | 15 (34.9) | 28 (65.1) |
| No. of medications use | |||
| • <5 medications | 166 (32.8) | 59 (35.5) | 107 (64.5) |
| • ≥5 medications | 340 (67.2) | 85 (25.0) | 255 (75.0) |
| Current smoking status | |||
| • Yes | 36 (7.1) | 10 (27.8) | 26 (72.2) |
| • No | 470 (92.9) | 134 (28.5) | 336 (71.5) |
| Alcohol use | |||
| • Yes | 16 (3.2) | 5 (31.3) | 11 (68.7) |
| • No | 490 (96.8) | 139 (28.4) | 351 (71.6) |
| Complementary and alternative medicine use | |||
| • Yes, for diabetes | 28 (5.5) | 7 (25.0) | 21 (75.0) |
| • Yes, but not for diabetes | 51 (10.1) | 12 (23.5) | 39 (76.5) |
| • No | 427 (84.4) | 125 (29.3) | 302 (70.7) |
| Body mass index | |||
| • Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 12 (2.4) | 11 (91.7) | 1 (8.3) |
| • Normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m2) | 78 (15.4) | 57 (73.1) | 21 (26.9) |
| • Overweight (23.0–27.4kg/m2) | 198 (38.9) | 60 (30.3) | 138 (69.7) |
| • Obese (≥27.5kg/m2) | 219 (43.3) | 16 (7.3) | 203 (92.7) |
| Waist circumference | |||
| • Normal | 37 (7.3) | 23 (62.2) | 14 (37.8) |
| • Abnormal | 469 (92.7) | 121 (25.8) | 348 (74.2) |
| Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) | |||
| • HbA1c ≤7.0% | 197 (38.9) | 62 (31.5) | 135 (68.5) |
| • HbA1c 7.1–8.0% | 97 (19.2) | 25 (25.8) | 72 (74.2) |
| • HbA1c >8.0% | 212 (41.9) | 57 (26.9) | 155 (73.1) |
| Blood pressure (BP) | |||
| • Systolic BP (Mean±SD, mmHg) | 138.7±19.1 | 136.89±20.45 | 139.40±118.42 |
| • Diastolic BP (Mean±SD, mmHg) | 73.3±10.3 | 71.57±10.75 | 73.94±10.11 |
| Lipid profile | |||
| • LDL-C (Mean±SD, mmol/L) | 2.7±1.0 | 2.76±1.05 | 2.65±1.02 |
| • HDL-C (Mean±SD, mmol/L) ◦ Men ◦ Women |
|||
| 1.1±0.3 | 1.16±0.32 | 1.13±0.28 | |
| 1.3±0.3 | 1.28±0.28 | 1.25±0.27 | |
| • TG (Mean±SD, mmol/L) | 1.6±0.9 | 1.64±1.16 | 1.59±0.92 |
| No. of daily dietary protein intake meals | |||
| • None | 24 (4.7) | 11 (45.8) | 13 (54.2) |
| • 1 meal a day | 182 (36.0) | 44 (24.2) | 138 (75.8) |
| • 2 meals a day | 184 (36.4) | 54 (29.3) | 130 (70.7) |
| • 3 meals a day | 116 (22.9) | 35 (30.2) | 81 (69.8) |
| IPAQ-SF | |||
| • Low | 256 (50.6) | 78 (30.5) | 178 (69.5) |
| • Moderate | 154 (30.4) | 48 (31.2) | 106 (68.8) |
| • High | 96 (19.0) | 18 (18.8) | 78 (81.2) |
| Sitting activities | |||
| • Median±IQR, minutes/day | 120.0±120.0 | 120.0±120.0 | 120.0±120.0 |
| Activities of daily livings | |||
| • Independent (scores of 5–6) | 504 (99.6) | 142 (28.1) | 362 (71.9) |
| • Moderately dependent (scores of 3–4) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| • Dependent (scores of ≤2) | 0 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Instrumental activities of daily livings | |||
| • Mean±SD | 5.48±1.87 | 5.70±1.76 | 4.94±2.03 |
SD = standard deviation, IPAQ-SF = International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form, LDL-C = low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C = high density lipoprotein cholesterol and TG = triglyceride