Table 3.
Regression to normal glucose levels in participants with impaired fasting glucose or pre-diabetes
| Normal glucose levels (WHO) | Normal glucose levels (ADA) | Normal glucose levels (IEC/NICE) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N= 153 | N= 1 256 | N= 577 | ||||
| Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |
| RR(95% CI) | RR(99.4% CI) | RR(95% CI) | RR(99.4% CI) | RR(95% CI) | RR(99.4% CI) | |
| Study setting | ||||||
| Lima | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Urban Puno | 1.02 (0.66 – 1.57) | 0.99 (0.52 – 1.87) | 1.07 (0.82 – 1.39) | 0.97 (0.67 – 1.39) | 1.23 (1.02 – 1.48) | 1.15 (0.89 – 1.49) |
| Rural Puno | 1.58 (1.11 – 2.25) | 1.15 (0.57 – 2.30) | 1.88 (1.51 – 2.35) | 1.20 (0.85 – 1.70) | 1.56 (1.33 – 1.83) | 1.29 (0.99 – 1.68) |
| Tumbes | 0.68 (0.46 – 1.01) | 0.64 (0.37 – 1.09) | 1.06 (0.85 – 1.31) | 0.94 (0.69 – 1.27) | 1.20 (1.01 – 1.42) | 1.10 (0.87 – 1.39) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Male | 1.21 (0.89 – 1.67) | 1.19 (0.74 – 1.92) | 1.13 (0.96 – 1.33) | 1.06 (0.84 – 1.32) | 1.04 (0.93 – 1.16) | 0.97 (0.83 – 1.12) |
| Age | ||||||
| 35 – 44 years | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| 45 – 54 years | 1.05 (0.62 – 1.77) | 1.12 (0.50 – 2.50) | 0.91 (0.72 – 1.14) | 0.91 (0.67 – 1.25) | 0.84 (0.71 – 0.99) | 0.79 (0.63 – 0.99)* |
| 55–64 years | 0.95 (0.57 – 1.59) | 0.99 (0.47 – 2.07) | 0.78 (0.61 – 0.98) | 0.79 (0.58 – 1.09) | 0.86 (0.73 – 1.01) | 0.81 (0.65 – 1.01) |
| ≥ 65 years | 1.20 (0.72 – 2.02) | 1.28 (0.59 – 2.75) | 0.83 (0.65 – 1.04) | 0.72 (0.51 – 1.02) | 0.94 (0.81 – 1.09) | 0.81 (0.65 – 1.01) |
| Education level | ||||||
| < 7 years | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| 7 – 11 years | 1.06 (0.73 – 1.53) | - | 1.04 (0.86 – 1.25) | - | 1.01 (0.89 – 1.15) | - |
| 12+ years | 0.96 (0.63 – 1.45) | - | 0.89 (0.71 – 1.11) | - | 0.97 (0.83 – 1.12) | - |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Middle tertile | 1.16 (0.75 – 1.83) | 1.44 (0.74 – 2.78) | 0.83 (0.69 – 0.99) | 0.94 (0.78 – 1.14) | 0.90 (0.80 – 1.01) | 1.05 (0.87 – 1.26) |
| Highest tertile | 0.86 (0.54 – 1.38) | 0.92 (0.45 – 1.89) | 0.53 (0.43 – 0.66) | 0.65 (0.46 – 0.92)* | 0.76 (0.67 – 0.88) | 0.92 (0.74 – 1.14) |
| Family history of diabetes | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 0.65 (0.31 – 1.35) | - | 0.91 (0.65 – 1.27) | - | 0.90 (0.70 – 1.15) | - |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 0.91 (0.62 – 1.33) | 0.82 (0.48 – 1.39) | 0.66 (0.52 – 0.83) | 0.80 (0.57 – 1.13) | 0.92 (0.81 – 1.05) | 1.01 (0.82 – 1.23) |
| Insulin resistance | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 0.80 (0.58 – 1.11) | 1.01 (0.65 – 1.60) | 0.50 (0.40 – 0.63) | 0.67 (0.48 – 0.95) | 0.72 (0.62 – 0.82) | 0.80 (0.65 – 0.99)* |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Low | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Moderate/high | 1.12 (0.79 – 1.58) | - | 1.10 (0.92 – 1.31) | - | 1.08 (0.96 – 1.23) | - |
| Body mass index | ||||||
| <25 kg/m2) | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| ≥25 and <30 kg/m2 | 0.68 (0.46 – 1.00) | 0.79 (0.42 – 1.51) | 0.69 (0.58 – 0.82) | 0.80 (0.62 – 1.02) | 0.79 (0.71 – 0.89) | 0.85 (0.73 – 0.99)* |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 0.57 (0.40 – 0.81) | 0.68 (0.34 – 1.34) | 0.42 (0.34 – 0.53) | 0.58 (0.41 – 0.84)* | 0.66 (0.58 – 0.76) | 0.78 (0.63 – 0.95)* |
| Hazardous drinking | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 0.91 (0.47 – 1.78) | - | 1.03 (0.72 – 1.48) | - | 0.93 (0.71 – 1.22) | - |
| Daily smoking | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 0.80 (0.27 – 2.38) | - | 0.84 (0.52 – 1.38) | - | 0.89 (0.64 – 1.26) | - |
| Fruits and vegetables | ||||||
| Less than 5 portions | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| 5 or more portions | 0.50 (0.09 – 2.75) | - | 0.99 (0.64 – 1.54) | - | 0.72 (0.47 – 1.09) | - |
Bold
*
Bonferroni correction for p-value (p<0.006)
WHO: World Health Organization, ADA: American Diabetes Association, IEC: International Excellence Committee, NICE: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence