Table 4.
Progression to diabetes in participants with impaired fasting glucose or pre-diabetes
| Diabetes (WHO) | Diabetes (ADA) | Diabetes (IEC/NICE) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=153 | N=1 256 | N=577 | ||||
| Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |
| RR(95% CI) | RR(99.4% CI) | RR(95% CI) | RR(99.4% CI) | RR(95% CI) | RR(99.4% CI) | |
| Study setting | ||||||
| Lima | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Urban Puno | 0.27 (0.07 – 1.08) | 0.26 (0.07 – 1.00) | 0.62 (0.37 – 1.05) | 0.72 (0.34 – 1.52) | 0.24 (0.07 – 0.79) | 0.29 (0.05 – 1.61) |
| Rural Puno | 0.39 (0.06 – 2.55) | 0.42 (0.08 – 2.37) | 0.29 (0.13 – 0.66) | 0.42 (0.12 – 1.45) | - | - |
| Tumbes | 1.08 (0.65 – 1.79) | 1.06 (0.64 – 1.75) | 0.78 (0.54 – 1.14) | 0.87 (0.49 – 1.52) | 0.51 (0.25 – 1.03) | 0.64 (0.22 – 1.88) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Male | 0.89 (0.53 – 1.48) | 0.99 (0.48 – 2.05) | 0.85 (0.60 – 1.20) | 1.06 (0.65 – 1.73) | 0.89 (0.45 – 1.77) | 1.18 (0.44 – 3.15) |
| Age | ||||||
| 35 – 44 years | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| 45 – 54 years | 0.93 (0.46 – 1.92) | 0.91 (0.32 – 2.54) | 1.71 (0.97 – 3.02) | 1.71 (0.79 – 3.77) | 1.17 (0.42 – 3.24) | 1.24 (0.30 – 5.17) |
| 55–64 years | 0.91 (0.46 – 1.79) | 0.95 (0.37 – 2.45) | 1.70 (0.98 – 2.98) | 1.79 (0.82 – 3.88) | 0.71 (0.24 – 2.10) | 0.83 (0.19 – 3.52) |
| ≥ 65 years | 0.44 (0.16 – 1.17) | 0.43 (0.09 – 1.97) | 1.22 (0.67 – 2.22) | 1.58 (0.66 – 3.80) | 0.71 (0.24 – 2.10) | 1.01 (0.22 – 4.73) |
| Education level | ||||||
| < 7 years | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| 7 – 11 years | 1.24 (0.71 – 2.17) | - | 0.75 (0.50 – 1.12) | - | 1.22 (0.58 – 2.58) | - |
| 12+ years | 0.91 (0.46 – 1.80) | - | 0.84 (0.54 – 1.31) | - | 0.75 (0.28 – 2.01) | - |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||
| Lowest tertile | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Middle tertile | 0.86 (0.41 – 1.79) | 0.55 (0.20 – 1.53) | 1.22 (0.77 – 1.96) | 0.87 (0.45 – 1.67) | 2.00 (0.76 – 5.22) | 1.01 (0.23 – 4.53) |
| Highest tertile | 0.97 (0.49 – 1.90) | 0.76 (0.28 – 2.10) | 1.52 (0.98 – 2.35) | 0.97 (0.50 – 1.88) | 2.14 (0.84 – 5.48) | 1.02 (0.24 – 4.35) |
| Family history of diabetes | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 1.18 (0.55 – 2.54) | - | 1.40 (0.80 – 2.45) | - | 1.92 (0.71 – 5.20) | - |
| Hypertension | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 0.97 (0.55 – 1.74) | 1.05 (0.58 – 1.94) | 1.05 (0.70 – 1.57) | 0.84 (0.47 – 1.51) | 0.97 (0.44 – 2.11) | 0.86 (0.25 – 2.92) |
| Insulin resistance | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 1.33 (0.74 – 2.40) | 0.90 (0.49 – 1.64) | 2.47 (1.75 – 3.47) | 1.79 (1.07 – 2.99)* | 2.89 (1.46 – 5.72) | 1.79 (0.69 – 4.59) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Low | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Moderate/high | 1.23 (0.70 – 2.14) | - | 0.80 (0.56 – 1.13) | - | 0.84 (0.42 – 1.66) | - |
| Body mass index | ||||||
| <25 kg/m2) | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| ≥25 and <30 kg/m2 | 1.11 (0.34 – 3.63) | 1.03 (0.18 – 5.88) | 1.45 (0.80 – 2.63) | 1.16 (0.47 – 2.85) | 3.64(0.83– 16.02) | 2.49 (0.28 – 22.45) |
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 2.01 (0.69 – 5.86) | 1.58 (0.32 – 7.81) | 3.17 (1.81 – 5.54) | 1.98 (0.79 – 4.98) | 5.76 (1.36 – 24.4) | 2.72 (0.29 – 25.58) |
| Hazardous drinking | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 1.29 (0.56 – 2.95) | - | 1.33 (0.68 – 2.61) | - | 1.17 (0.29 – 4.70) | - |
| Daily smoking | ||||||
| No | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Yes | 1.41 (0.47 – 4.27) | - | 1.19 (0.51 – 2.77) | - | - | - |
| Fruits and vegetables | ||||||
| Less than 5 portions | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| 5 or more portions | 1.77 (0.64 – 4.90) | - | 1.44 (0.67 – 3.10) | - | 3.60 (1.38 – 9.39) | 3.04 (0.77 – 12.02) |
*
Bonferroni correction (p<0.006)
WHO: World Health Organization, ADA: American Diabetes Association, IEC: International Excellence Committee, NICE: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.