Table 1.
Description of the sample and descriptive associations between trajectories and associated factors
| Stepping Stones and Creating Futures trial | Sonke CHANGE trial | Indashyikirwa Trial | ||||||||||
| Construct | Sample N=289 | Flat-low N=182 (60.4%) | High-reducing N=49 (19.1%) | High-increasing N=58 (20.5%) | Sample N=803 | Flat-low n=530 (66.0%) | High-reducing n=157 (19.1%) | High-increasing n=116 (14.8%) | Sample N=806 | Flat-low n= 548 (66.5%) | High-reducing n=185 (23.8%) | High-increasing n=77 (9.7%) |
| n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | n/mean (%/SD) | |
| Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Age (continuous) | 23.9(3.4) | 23.9(3.4) | 24.2(3.1) | 23.6(3.5) | 27.2(5.8) | 27.6(5.9) | 26.8(5.3) | 25.9(5.7)** | 35.7(5.3) | 35.9(5.4) | 34.8(5.2) | 36.7(5.3)* |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Primary (Indashyikirwa: none) | 36(12.5) | 17(10.2) | 9(16.1) | 10(14.9) | 34(4.3) | 20(3.8) | 7(4.5) | 7(6.1)** | 144(17.7) | 89(16.4) | 33(18.0) | 19(26.8) |
| Secondary: not complete (Indashyikirwa: some primary) | 165(57.1) | 91(54.8) | 30(53.6) | 44(65.7) | 459(57.5) | 286(54.3) | 105(67.3) | 68(59.1) | 266(33.3) | 186(34.2) | 60(32.8) | 20 (28.2) |
| Completed secondary (Indashyikirwa: completed primary and above) | 88(30.5) | 58(34.9) | 17(30.4) | 13(19.4) | 305(38.2) | 221(41.9) | 44(28.2) | 40(34.8) | 391(49.0) | 269(49.5) | 90(49.2) | 32(45.1) |
| Relationship | ||||||||||||
| Living together: married/not married (Indashyikirwa: legally married) | 21(7.3) | 9(5.4) | 6(10.7) | 6(9.0) | 295(37.0) | 178(33.7) | 62(39.7) | 55(48.3)** | 557(69.1) | 387(70.6) | 119(64.3) | 51 (69.9) |
| Not living together: married/girlfriend (Indashyikirwa: living together) | 196(67.8) | 112(67.5) | 41(73.2) | 43(64.2) | 392(49.1) | 273(51.7) | 78(50.0) | 41(36.0) | 249(30.9) | 161(29.4) | 66(35.7) | 22 (30.1) |
| No relationship | 72(24.9) | 45(27.1) | 9(16.1) | 18(26.9) | 111(13.9) | 77(14.6) | 16(10.3) | 18(15.8) | ||||
| Poverty | ||||||||||||
| Food insecurity: score: 0–12 (Indashyikirwa: score 0–8) | 7.8(2.6) | 7.5(2.6) | 8.0(2.6) | 8.3(2.6)* | 5.2(1.6) | 5.04(1.6) | 5.4(1.7) | 5.4(1.7)** | 5.3(1.5) | 5.4(1.6) | 5.2(1.4) | 5.2(1.6) |
| Stealing in past month | ||||||||||||
| Never | 182(63.0) | 120(72.3) | 32(57.1) | 30(44.8)*** | 556(69.6) | 418(79.2) | 75(48.1) | 63(54.8)*** | ||||
| Once or more | 107(37.0) | 46(27.7) | 24(42.9) | 37(55.2) | 243(30.4) | 110(20.8) | 81(51.9) | 52(45.2) | ||||
| Past month earnings | ||||||||||||
| None | 119(41.2) | 81(48.8) | 19(33.9) | 19(28.4)** | 188(23.4) | 134(25.3) | 33(21.0) | 21(18.1) | 219(27.2) | 146(26.6) | 54(29.2) | 19(26.0) |
| Any | 170(58.8) | 85(51.2) | 37(66.1) | 48(71.6) | 615(76.6) | 396(74.7) | 124(79.0) | 95(81.9) | 587(72.8) | 402(73.4) | 131(70.8) | 54 (74.0) |
| Worked for pay past 3 months | ||||||||||||
| No | 177(61.3) | 100(60.2) | 35(62.5) | 42(62.7) | 396(49.6) | 257(48.7) | 75(48.1) | 64(55.6) | ||||
| Yes | 112(38.8) | 66(39.8) | 21(37.5) | 25(37.3) | 403(50.4) | 271(51.3) | 81(51.9) | 51(44.4) | ||||
| Shame about lack of work (mean >= more) | 10.9(2.6) | 10.9(2.4) | 11.2(2.6) | 10.5(2.9) | ||||||||
| Gender attitudes and practices | ||||||||||||
| Relationship control (score: 0–24) | 10.8(3.9) | 10.2(3.6) | 12.2(4.2) | 11.1(4.1)*** | ||||||||
| Acceptability of wife-beating | ||||||||||||
| Disagree | 156(54.0) | 110(66.3) | 21(37.5) | 25(37.3)*** | 457(56.9) | 329(62.1) | 76(48.4) | 52(44.8)*** | 473(59.0) | 368(67.4) | 81(44.3) | 24(32.9)*** |
| Agree | 133(46.0) | 56(33.7) | 35(62.5) | 42(62.7) | 346(43.1) | 201(37.9) | 81(51.6) | 64(55.2) | 329(41.0) | 178(32.6) | 10.2(55.7) | 49 (67.1) |
| Mental Health and Substance use | ||||||||||||
| Alcohol use: score: 0–40 (Indashyikirwa: score: 0–9) | 7.6(8.4) | 6.3(7.5) | 10.2(9.2) | 8.8(9.3)*** | 13.2(6.6) | 12.6(6.2) | 14.6(7.6) | 13.8(6.5)** | 1.5(1.9) | 1.2(1.8) | 2.0(2.2) | 1.8(1.8)*** |
| Depression | ||||||||||||
| No | 149(52.1) | 105(63.6) | 14(25.0) | 30(46.2)*** | 582(72.5) | 434(81.9) | 79(50.3) | 69(59.5)*** | 687(87.3) | 498(93.3) | 138(76.2) | 51(70.8)*** |
| Yes | 137(47.9) | 60(36.4) | 42(75.0) | 35(53.9) | 221(27.5) | 96(18.1) | 78(49.7) | 47(40.5) | 100(12.7) | 36(6.7) | 43(23.8) | 21(29.2) |
| Childhood experiences | ||||||||||||
| Childhood traumas (Indashyikirwa: beaten as a child) | ||||||||||||
| SS/CF score:12–48; CHANGE score: 11–60; Indashyikirwa: often or very often | 17.5(5.8) | 16.1(4.8) | 20.5(7.4) | 18.4(5.5)*** | 20.5(6.0) | 19.2(4.8) | 23.1(6.7) | 22.9(7.7)*** | 227(28.2) | 133(24.3) | 69(37.3) | 25(34.2)** |
| Witnessing abuse of mother | ||||||||||||
| Never | 191(66.3) | 116(70.3) | 33(58.9) | 42(62.7) | 592(74.1) | 419(79.1) | 106(69.3) | 67(57.8)*** | 453(55.38) | 328(60.1) | 85(46.0) | 31 (42.5)*** |
| Sometimes or often | 97(33.7) | 49(29.7) | 23(41.1) | 25(37.3) | 207(25.9) | 111(20.9) | 47(30.7) | 49(42.2) | 360(44.8) | 218(39.9) | 100(54.1) | 42 (57.5) |
*p<0.1 **p<0.05 ***p<0.001.