Table.

Clinical characteristics of nine critically ill patients with COVID-19 probable (n=1) and putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (n=8)

		Putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis patients (sex, age)								Probable IPA patient (sex, age)
		Patient 1 (male, 53 years)	Patient 2 (female, 59 years)	Patient3 (female, 69 years)	Patient 4 (female, 63 years)	Patient 5 (male, 43 years)	Patient 6 (male, 79 years)	Patient 7 (male, 77 years)	Patient 8 (female, 75 years)	Patient 9 (male, 47 years)
Risk factors of severe COVID-19		Hypertension, obesity, ischaemic heart disease	Hypertension, diabetes, obesity	Hypertension, obesity	Hypertension, diabetes, ischaemic heart disease	Asthma	Hypertension	Hypertension, asthma	Hypertension, diabetes	None
EORTC risk factors		None	None	None	None	Steroids	None	None	None	Myeloma, steroids
APACHE II score		26	16	11	20	8	16	25	21	10
Thoracic CT-scan/x-ray*		Typical COVID-19	Typical COVID-19	Typical COVID-19	Typical COVID-19	Typical COVID-19	Typical COVID-19, segmental lung atelectasis	Typical COVID-19, emphysema	Typical COVID-19	Typical COVID-19 + one peripheral nodule
Anti-COVID-19 therapies		LPV–RTV	LPV–RTV, AZI	LPV–RTV	LPV–RTV	AZI	LPV–RTV, HCQ, AZI	LPV–RTV, HCQ, AZI	LPV–RTV, AZI	No
Steroids to treat pneumonia†		Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Renal replacement therapy		Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No
Vasopressor		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Pulmonary specimen‡		BAL	BAL	BA	BAL	BAL	BAL	BAL	BAL	BA
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosis
	BAL culture§	−	+	+	−	+	+	+	+	+
	BAL/BA qPCR¶	−	−	23·9	−	−	34·5	29·0	31·7	−
	BAL galactomannan index	0·89	0·03	ND	0·15	0·12	0·05	3·91	0·36	ND
	Serum qPCR¶	−	−	−	ND	−	−	−	−	−
	β-D-glucan, pg/mL	523	ND	7·8	105	7	23	135	450	14
	Serum galactomannan index	0·13	0·04	0·03	0·51	0·04	0·02	0·37	0·37	0·09
Number of mycological criteria		2	1	2	2	1	2	3	3	1
Antifungal therapy		None	None	None	None	None	None	VRC	CSP	None
Outcome		Alive	Alive	Alive	Death (day 0)	Alive	Alive	Death (day 18)	Death (day 11)	Death day 3)

EORTC=European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. APACHE= Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Enquiry. LPV–RTV=lopnavir–ritonavir combination. AZI=azithromycin. HCQ=hydroxychloroquine. BAL=Bronchoalveolar lavage. BA=bronchial aspiration. ND=not done. VRC=voriconazole. CSP=caspofungin.

^*Thoracic CT scan was done in Pt3, Pt4, Pt5, 5 days (median) before respiratory specimens.

^†Dexamethasone intravenous dose of 20 mg once daily from day 1 to day 5, followed by 10 mg once daily from day 6 to day 10;

^‡No endotracheal or endobronchial lesion was observed.

^§−=negative; +=positive with Aspergillus fumigatus identification.

^¶qPCR=quantitative real-time PCR (−, negative; if positive, number of quantification cycles).