. 2020 Mar 11;45(2):e23. doi: 10.5395/rde.2020.45.e23

Table 1. Characteristics of included studies in the systematic review.

No.	Author	Year	Country	Total number of samples	Type of teeth	Interventions (groups)	Evaluation method	Results (gain results (group showing significantly higher bacterial reduction))	Irrigation time	Irrigation volume
1	Ma et al. [28]	2011	Canada	12	Single-rooted teeth	1. Sterile water	CLSM	QMix and 6% NaOCl killed more bacteria in 1 min than the other solutions in 3 min	1 and 3 min	50 μL each irrigant
						2. 1% NaOCl
						3. 2% NaOCl
						4. 6% NaOCl
						5. 2% CHX
						6. QMix
2	Wang et al. [27]	2012	Canada	40	Single-rooted teeth	1. Sterile water (control)	CLSM	6% NaOCl and QMix were better and no significant difference was found between the 2 agents	1 and 3 min	50 μL each irrigant
						2. 2% NaOCl
						3. 6% NaOCl
						4. 2% CHX
						5. QMix
3	Wang et al. [29]	2013	Canada	40	Single-rooted teeth	1. Sterile Water	CLSM	6% NaOCl + QMix showed the highest level of bacterial killing in 3 min. At 10 min, combinations of 6% NaOCl + QMix and 6% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 2% CHX were the most effective antibacterial solutions followed by 2% NaOCl + QMix	3 and 10 min	50 μL each medicament
						2. 2% NaOCl
						3. 6% NaOCl
						4. 2% CHX
						5. 17% EDTA
						6. QMix
						7. 2% NaOCl + 2% CHX
						8. 2% NaOCl + QMiX
						9. 6% NaOCl + QMiX
						10. 6% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 2% CHX
4	Zhang et al. [20]	2015	China	200	Maxillary and Mandibular molars	1. 17% EDTA	CFU	QMix group had the lowest logCFU value	2 min	100 μL each irrigant
						2. 2% CHX	Inoculation time: cultivated under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 24 hr
						3. 0.2% Cetrimide
						4. MTAD
						5. QMix
						6. Untreated
5	Liu et al. [21]	2015	China	62	Single-rooted maxillary anterior teeth	1. 17% EDTA/5.25% NaOCl	CFU	EDTA/CHX, EDTA/CTR, or QMix exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activity. No significant differences between these 3 groups	NA	5 mL each irrigant
						2. 17% EDTA/2% CHX	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 48 hr
						3. 17% EDTA/2% CTR
						4. MTAD
						5. QMix
						6. 0.9% Saline
6	Elakanti et al. [23]	2015	India	40	Mandibular premolar teeth	1. 5.25% NaOCl	CFU	QMix better than 5.25% NaOCl and 2% CHX	1 min	3 mL each irrigant
						2. 2% CHX	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 24 hr
						3. QMix
						4. 0.9% Saline
7	Cecchin et al. [25]	2015	Brazil	50	Single-rooted teeth	1. 2.5% NaOCl	CFU	CHX and GSE better than NaOCl and QMix	30 sec	5 mL each irrigant
						2. 2% CHX	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 18 to 24 hr
						3. 6.5% GSE
						4. QMix
						5. DW
8	Bago Jurič et al. [22]	2016	Croatia	65	Single-rooted teeth	1. PDT	CFU	NaOCl better followed by PDT, QMix and Nd:YAG	1 min	1 mL each irrigant
						2. Nd:YAG	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 48 hr
						3. QMix
						4. 5.25% NaOCl
9	Balić et al. [32]	2016	Croatia	90	Mandibular incisors and maxillary second premolars	1. PIPS with 2.5% NaOCl	CFU	The QMix solution showed significantly greater antimicrobial efficacy than 2.5% NaOCl (p = 0.04) when the conventional needle irrigation was used.	30 sec	2 mL each irrigant
						2. PIPS with QMix	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 48 hr
						3. Sonic-activated irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl
						4. Sonic-activated irrigation with QMix
						5. 2.5% NaOCl needle irrigation
						6. QMix solution needle irrigation
10	Vaid et al. [24]	2017	India	190	Single-rooted anterior teeth	1. Normal saline	CFU	Maximum percentage of disinfection (99%) was seen in 15 mL of 2.5% NaOCl solution for 3 min and irradiated with PAD which was similar to 15 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 3 min and 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl solution, followed by 5 mL of normal saline, and then, 5 mL QMix for 3 min	3 min	15 mL of Saline/NaOCl 5 mL of QMix
						2. 2.5% NaOCl	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 48 hr
						3. Qmix
						4. Normal saline and PAD
						5. 2.5% NaOCl and PAD
						6. QMix and PAD
						7. No irrigation
11	Souza et al. [26]	2017	Brazil	60	Single-rooted teeth	1. DW	CFU	The greatest bacterial reduction was observed for 2% CHX, QMix and 6.5% GSE, with no statistically significant difference between them.	5 min	NA
						2. 2% CHX	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hr
						3. QMix
						4. 6.5% GSE
						5. PDT + fiber
						6. PDT + no fiber
12	Ye et al. [30]	2018	China	51	Single-rooted premolars	1. 0.9% NaCl	CFU	6% NaOCl > QMix > HYBENX > SilverSol/H2O2 > 0.9% NaCl SilverSol/H2O2 and HYBENX were less adept than QMix at killing biofilm bacteria in root canals.	1 min	6 mL each irrigant
						2. 10 ppm SilverSol with 0.1% H2O2 (SilverSol/H2O2)	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 48 hr
						3. HYBENX
						4. QMix
						5. 6% NaOCl
13	Souza et al. [31]	2018	Brazil	60	Single-rooted	1. DW	CFU	The greatest ability to promote bacterial reduction was observed in QMix and QMix + US, with no statistically significant difference between them (p < 0.05)	1 min	NA
						2. DW + Ultrasonic	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 18–24 hr
						3. 17% EDTA
						4. QMix
						5. 17% EDTA + Ultrasonic
						6. QMix + Ultrasonic
14	Matos et al. [33]	2019	Brazil	40	Single-rooted	1. EDTA + MA	CFU	QMix + MA and QMix + PUI had superior antibacterial efficacy to EDTA and eliminated 100% of E. faecalis	2 min	3 mL each irrigant
						2. QMix + MA	Inoculation time: incubated at 37°C for 24 hr
						3. EDTA + PUI
						4. QMix + PUI

NA, not available; NaOCl, sodium hypochlorite; CHX, chlorhexidine; CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; CFU, colony forming units; MTAD, mixture of Tetracycline isonomer, an acid and a detergent; log CFU, log colony forming units; GSE, grape seed extract; DW, distilled water; PDT, photodynamic therapy; PIPS, photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming; PAD, photo-activated disinfection; US, ultrasonic activation; MA, manual agitation; PUI, passive ultrasonic irrigation.