Table 1.
Differences in Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Between Patients in Sample 1 With and Without CIN
| Characteristic | No Nausea 36.4% (n = 130) |
Nausea 63.6% (n = 227) |
Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age (years) | 58.09 (13.19) | 54.90 (11.60) | t = 2.38, p = 0.018 |
| Education (years) | 16.24 (3.19) | 15.88 (2.92) | t = 1.07, p = 0.285 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.80 (4.60) | 26.27 (6.20) | t = −0.82, p = 0.415 |
| Karnofsky Performance Status score | 81.97 (12.31) | 74.86 (11.81) | t = 5.32, p < 0.001 |
| Number of comorbidities | 2.38 (1.39) | 2.59 (1.60) | t = −1.270, p = 0.205 |
| SCQ score | 5.26 (2.90) | 6.14 (3.77) | t = −2.45, p = 0.015 |
| AUDIT score | 3.18 (2.65) | 2.64 (2.47) | t = 1.53, p = 0.129 |
| Time since cancer diagnosis (years) | 1.83 (3.07) | 1.47 (2.90) | U, p = 0.041 |
| Time since diagnosis (median) | 0.49 | 0.42 | |
| Number of prior cancer treatments | 0.77 (0.42) | 0.71 (0.45) | t = 1.16, p = 0.247 |
| Number of metastatic sites including lymph node involvement | 1.32 (1.30) | 1.16 (1.21) | t = 1.17, p = 0.244 |
| Number of metastatic sites excluding lymph node involvement | 0.83 (1.10) | 0.70 (1.04) | t = 1.08, p = 0.281 |
| % (n) | % (n) | ||
| Gender | FE, p = 0.290 | ||
| Female | 74.6 (97) | 79.7 (181) | |
| Male | 25.4 (33) | 20.3 (46) | |
| Ethnicity | X2 = 3.62, p = 0.305 | ||
| White | 68.2 (88) | 60.4 (137) | |
| Black | 7.0 (9) | 7.9 (18) | |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 16.3 (21) | 16.7 (38) | |
| Hispanic Mixed or Other | 8.5 (11) | 15.0 (34) | |
| Married or partnered (% yes) | 61.2 (79) | 62.1 (139) | FE, p = 0.910 |
| Lives alone (% yes) | 22.5 (29) | 23.1 (52) | FE, p = 1.000 |
| Child care responsibilities (% yes) | 16.5 (21) | 24.7 (54) | FE, p = 0.080 |
| Care of adult responsibilities (% yes) | 5.1 (6) | 10.0 (20) | FE, p = 0.143 |
| Born prematurely (% yes) | 3.2 (4) | 6.2 (13) | FE, p = 0.306 |
| Currently employed (% yes) | 41.4 (53) | 30.5 (69) | FE, p = 0.048 |
| Income | U, p = 0.041 | ||
| < $30,000 | 12.5 (14) | 27.1 (57) | |
| $30,000 to < $70,000 | 20.5 (23) | 18.1 (38) | |
| $70,000 to < $100,000 | 22.3 (25) | 14.8 (31) | |
| ≥ $100,000 | 44.6 (50) | 40.0 (84) | |
| Specific comorbidities (% yes) | |||
| Heart disease | 6.9 (9) | 5.7 (13) | FE, p = 0.653 |
| High blood pressure | 35.4 (46) | 30.0 (68) | FE, p = 0.291 |
| Lung disease | 6.9 (9) | 11.5 (26) | FE, p = 0.197 |
| Diabetes | 10.0 (13) | 11.9 (27) | FE, p = 0.728 |
| Ulcer or stomach disease | 3.8 (5) | 5.7 (13) | FE, p = 0.616 |
| Kidney disease | 0.8 (1) | 1.3 (3) | FE, p = 1.000 |
| Liver disease | 6.2 (8) | 7.0 (16) | FE, p = 0.829 |
| Anemia or blood disease | 6.2 (8) | 12.3 (28) | FE, p = 0.069 |
| Depression | 21.5 (28) | 22.9 (52) | FE, p = 0.793 |
| Osteoarthritis | 10.8 (14) | 12.8 (29) | FE, p = 0.616 |
| Back pain | 25.4 (33) | 34.8 (79) | FE, p = 0.075 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 6.9 (9) | 3.5 (8) | FE, p = 0.196 |
| Exercise on a regular basis (% yes) | 71.4 (90) | 65.0 (141) | FE, p = 0.234 |
| Smoking current or history of (% yes) | 32.0 (41) | 37.2 (83) | FE, p = 0.355 |
| Cancer diagnosis | X2 = 4.46, p = 0.216 | ||
| Breast | 41.5 (54) | 38.3 (87) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 31.5 (41) | 37.0 (84) | |
| Gynecological | 20.0 (26) | 13.7 (31) | |
| Lung | 6.9 (9) | 11.0 (25) | |
| Type of prior cancer treatment | X2 = 11.28, p = 0.010 | ||
| No prior treatment | 23.0 (29) | 28.6 (63) | NS |
| Only surgery, CTX, or RT | 39.7 (50) | 45.0 (99) | NS |
| Surgery & CTX, or Surgery & RT, or CTX & RT | 27.0 (34) | 12.7 (28) | 0 > 1 |
| Surgery & CTX & RT | 10.3 (13) | 13.6 (30) | NS |
| CTX cycle length | X2 = 8.23, p = 0.016 | ||
| 14 day cycle | 39.2 (51) | 53.7 (122) | 0 < 1 |
| 21 day cycle | 53.8 (70) | 38.3 (87) | 0 > 1 |
| 28 day cycle | 6.9 (9) | 7.9 (18) | NS |
| Emetogenicity of CTX | X2 = 2.17, p = 0.337 | ||
| Minimal/Low | 13.8 (18) | 15.0 (34) | |
| Moderate | 68.5 (89) | 61.2 (139) | |
| High | 17.7 (23) | 23.8 (54) | |
| Antiemetic regimens | X2 = 8.06, p = 0.045 | ||
| None | 7.7 (10) | 4.4 (10) | NS |
| Steroid alone or serotonin receptor antagonist alone | 21.5 (28) | 14.5 (33) | NS |
| Serotonin receptor antagonist and steroid | 49.2 (64) | 47.6 (108) | NS |
| NK-1 receptor antagonist and two other antiemetics | 21.5 (28) | 33.5 (76) | NS |
Abbreviations: AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, CIN = chemotherapy-induced nausea, CTX = chemotherapy, FE = Fisher’s Exact test, kg = kilograms, m2 = meter squared, NK-1 = Neurokinin-1, NS = not significant, RT = radiation therapy, SCQ = Self-administered Comorbidity Questionnaire, SD = standard deviation, U = Mann-Whitney U test, X2 = Chi square