Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HR) for severe bleeding: associations with sex, age groups, indications, comorbidities, risk factors for bleeding and co-medication. Cox regression, crude and adjusted for all covariates
| Crude | Adjusted | |
|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Women vs. men | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) |
| Age group, y | ||
| < 40 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) |
| 40–49 | 1.23 (0.97–1.55) | 1.13 (0.89–1.42) |
| 50–59 | 1.66 (1.35–2.04) | 1.41 (1.15–1.74) |
| 60–69 | 2.06 (1.70–2.50) | 1.67 (1.38–2.03) |
| 70–79 | 2.80 (2.32–3.38) | 2.19 (1.81–2.66) |
| ≥ 80 | 3.80 (3.15–4.59) | 2.88 (2.37–3.50) |
| Indicationsa | ||
| Venous thrombosis | 1.33 (1.22–1.46) | 1.32 (1.20–1.44) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 1.12 (1.04–1.19) | 1.14 (1.07–1.23) |
| VTE prophylaxis | 1.11 (0.93–1.32) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) |
| Peripheral systemic embolism | 1.81 (1.52–2.16) | 1.40 (1.17–1.67) |
| Valvular disease | 1.60 (1.48–1.72) | 1.53 (1.35–1.74) |
| Valvular atrial fibrillation | 1.64 (1.50–1.79) | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) |
| Non-valvular atrial fibrillation | 1.18 (1.13–1.24) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
| Cardioversion | 0.90 (0.70–1.16) | 0.86 (0.67–1.12) |
| Cardiomyopathy | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 0.94 (0.78–1.15) |
| Valve prosthesis | 1.42 (1.27–1.57) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) |
| Mitral stenosis | 2.12 (1.42–3.16) | 1.33 (0.88–2.00) |
| Comorbidities/risk factorsa | ||
| Hypertensionb | 1.73 (1.66–1.81) | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.68 (1.59–1.78) | 1.16 (1.04–1.28) |
| Myocardial infarction | 1.66 (1.57–1.75) | 1.07 (0.99–1.17) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.63 (1.55–1.71) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.93 (1.78–2.09) | 1.28 (1.17–1.39) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.75 (1.66–1.84) | 1.19 (1.12–1.26) |
| Renal failureb | 3.13 (2.87–3.41) | 1.82 (1.66–2.00) |
| Liver failureb | 2.07 (1.73–2.46) | 1.43 (1.19–1.72) |
| Ischemic stroke or TIAb | 1.40 (1.33–1.48) | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema | 1.79 (1.66–1.94) | 1.18 (1.09–1.29) |
| Cancer (excl. non-melanoma skin cancer) | 1.68 (1.57–1.79) | 1.33 (1.24–1.42) |
| Alcohol dependency diagnosisb | 2.04 (1.80–2.31) | 1.79 (1.57–2.05) |
| Platelet or coagulation disorder | 1.43 (1.18–1.74) | 1.13 (0.92–1.37) |
| Prior bleedingb | 2.63 (2.48–2.79) | 1.85 (1.74–1.97) |
| Co-medicationa | ||
| Low-dose aspirinb | 1.34 (1.28–1.39) | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) |
| Other antiplatelet agentsb | 1.60 (1.49–1.71) | 1.17 (1.09–1.26) |
| NSAIDsb | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) |
| PPIs | 1.46 (1.40–1.53) | 1.09 (1.04–1.15) |
| Antidepressants | 1.43 (1.34–1.51) | 1.23 (1.16–1.31) |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) |
| Alcohol dependency drugsb | 1.81 (1.37–2.39) | 1.49 (1.11–1.99) |
| Antidiabetics | 1.47 (1.39–1.56) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) |
aYes vs no
bIncluded in the modified HAS-BLED score