Table 2.

Change in fMRI signal evoked by real and sham taVNS and group difference between real and sham taVNS (mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex; PCC: posterior cingulate cortex; ACC: anterior cingulate cortex).

Contrast	Cluster	Brain region	Peak T value	Peak Z value	MNI coordinates
					X	Y	Z
Real taVNS
On>Off	506	Right putamen	5.99	4.67	28	0	−2
		Right pallidum	5.43	4.37	20	4	−2
		Right anterior insula	4.59	3.87	26	8	12
		Right caudate	4.29	3.68	18	2	16
		Right thalamus	4.17	3.60	4	−8	6
	201	Left putamen	5.46	4.39	−26	2	0
		Left frontal operculum	3.74	3.30	−6	12	12
On<Off	37,152	Bilateral precuneus	7.69	5.46	−6	−46	52
		Bilateral PCC	7.10	5.20	−8	−38	54
		Bilateral hippocampus	7.50	5.38	−30	−26	−12
		Bilateral precentral gyrus	7.10	5.20	−8	−38	54
		Bilateral mPFC	6.97	5.15	−8	38	−16
		Bilateral ACC	6.96	5.14	18	24	−12
	148	Bilateral locus coeruleus	4.28	3.67	−3	−34	−22
		Left solitary nucleus	4.20	3.62	−6	−46	−54
	132	Right raphe nucleus/parabrachial nucleus	5.34	4.32	10	−26	−30
	126	Left posterior insula	4.97	4.11	−32	−26	16
	162	Bilateral superior frontal gyrus	4.58	3.87	−20	40	40
		Bilateral middle frontal gyrus	4.02	3.50	−30	32	32
Sham taVNS
On>Off	No brain region above the threshold
On<Off	3203	Bilateral mPFC	7.90	5.55	−10	42	−12
		Bilateral ACC	6.41	4.88	−8	34	−12
		Bilateral caudate	6.33	4.85	−14	20	−6
	19,964	Bilateral precentral gyrus	7.29	5.29	−24	−24	68
		Bilateral postcentral gyrus	7.12	5.22	−20	−30	66
		Bilateral precuneus	5.95	4.65	6	−58	52
		Bilateral middle occipital gyrus	5.84	4.60	34	−78	38
	1166	Left inferior temporal gyrus	6.03	4.69	−46	−22	−26
		Bilateral hippocampus	5.91	4.63	−26	−36	−8
		Bilateral fusiform gyrus	5.65	4.49	−36	−16	−28
		Bilateral lingual gyrus	4.19	3.61	−16	−40	−10
	319	Left middle frontal gyrus	5.97	4.66	−26	38	32
		Left superior frontal gyrus	4.47	3.80	−26	30	46
	211	Left inferior occipital gyrus	5.97	4.66	−50	−70	−18
	348	Right hippocampus	5.73	4.54	26	−12	−20
		Right fusiform gyrus	4.45	3.79	34	−34	−28
	456	Right occipital fusiform gyrus	4.60	3.88	20	−86	−14
	175	Left middle frontal gyrus	5.56	4.44	−40	20	28
	102	Left middle temporal gyrus	5.27	4.28	−58	−18	−16
	114	Right temporal pole	4.87	4.04	48	14	−30
	152	Left posterior insula	4.66	3.92	−30	−26	18
	266	Right middle frontal gyrus	4.64	3.91	28	38	42
		Right superior frontal gyrus	4.38	3.73	24	28	44
Real taVNS vs Sham taVNS
Real<Sham	21	Bilateral locus coeruleus	3.99	3.48	−2	−34	−20
Real>Sham	No brain region above the threshold