Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Paper | Glass composition | Glass fabrication method | Scaffold fabrication method | Animal | Animal bone defect | Added components to scaffold | Number of defects | Groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jing et al. (2018) | Bioactive glass: 45% SiO2, 24.5% Na2O, 24.5% CaO and 6% P2O5 by percentage weight | Not specified. The bioactive glass was sourced from a commercial source (Hubei Central China Medical Materials Co Ltd.) | 45S5 Bioglass-based scaffolds fabricated by the foam replication method. The porous scaffolds were loaded with Icariin, sterilized with ultraviolet light and dried in a sterile environment before cell seeding | Rat | Skull | None | 1 circular calvarial defect with a diameter of 8mm in 20 rats | 1. Negative Control 2. 45S5 bioactive glass 3. 45S5 bioactive glass/autologous stem cells (not relevant for this study) 4. 45S5 bioactive glass/autologous stem cells (not included in this study) 5. Icariin/45S5 bioactive glass scaffold/autologous stem cells (not relevant for this study) |
| Wang et al. (2019) | MBG: 80% Si, 15% Ca, 5% P by percentage mol |
MBG: P123 (4.0 g), TEOS (6.7 g), Ca(NO3)2∙4H2O (1.4 g), TEP (0.36 g) with molar ratio of Si:Ca:P = 80:15:5 |
MBG-GO scaffolds were calcined at 500°C under nitrogen protection for 5 h The scaffolds were sterilized using gamma irradiation |
Rat | Skull | None | 2 critical-sized calvarial defects with a diameter of 5 mm in 24 rats | 1. MBG scaffold 2. MBG-LGO scaffold (low graphene oxide) 3. MBG-HGO scaffold (high graphene oxide) |
| Wu et al. (2019) | Bioactive glass: 95% SiO2, 2.5% CaO, 2.5% CuO by percentage mol |
Cu-BG NPs with designed compositions and sizes were synthesized via a modified Stöber method | Cu-BG NPs were incorporated into chitosan (CH)/silk fibroin (SF)/glycerophosphate (GP) composites | Rat | Skull | Chitosan/silk fibroin composite | 2 full-thickness calvarial bone defects with diameters of 5 mm in 30 rats | 1. Chitosan-silk fibroin- glycerophosphate 2. Bioactive glass- Chitosan-silk fibroin- glycerophosphate 3. Copper/Bioactive glass-Chitosan+ silk fibroin-glycerophosphate (1st concentration) 4. Copper/Bioactive glass-Chitosan+ silk fibroin-glycerophosphate (2nd concentration) |
| Min et al. (2015) | MBG: 80% SiO2, 15% CaO, 5% P2O5 by percentage mol |
MBG synthesized by using non-ionic block copolymers as structure-directing agents through an EISA process The dried gel was calcined at 700 °C for 5 h to obtain the final MBG products |
DMOG delivering scaffold composed of MBG and PHBHHx polymers were fabricated using a 4th generation 3D-Bioplotter system |
Rat | Skull | DMOG and MBG with PHBHHx polymers (MPHS scaffolds) | 2 critical-sized bone defects with a diameter of 5 mm in 12 rats | 1. MPHS 2. MPHS/DMOG |
| Xin et al. (2017) | MBG: 80% SiO2, 16% CaO, 4% P2O5 by percentage mol | MBG synthesized by a modified Stöber method. MBG nanoparticles were obtained after removing the templates and organic components by sintering in air at 650°C for 3 h (2°C per min) |
MBGNs chemically modified with photo-cross-linkable GelMA were further incorporated into GelMA to fabricate GelMA-G-MBGNs | Rat | Skull | Photo-cross-linkable GelMA + GelMA | 1 critical-sized bone defect with a diameter of 5 mm in 6 rats |
1. Negative Control without scaffold 2. GelMA (not relevant for this study) 3. GelMA/MBGNs 4. GelMA-G-MBGNs |
| Qi et al. (2017) | MBG: 80% Si, 15% Ca, 5% P by percentage mol |
MBG synthesized by using non-ionic block copolymers as structure-directing agents through EISA process. The dried gel was calcined at 700 °C for 5 h to obtain the final MBG products | MBG-PHBHHx composite scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying and a particulate leaching technique |
Rat | Skull | DMOG + rhBMP-2 | 2 critical-sized bone defects with a diameter of 5mm in 24 rats | 1. Pure MBG-PHBHHx = PHMG 2. BMP-2/MBG-PHBHHx = PHMB 3. DMOG/MBG-PHBHHx = PHMD 4. BMP-2/DMOG/MBG-PHBHHx = PHMBD. |
| Li et al. (2019) | MBG: 80% SiO2, 15% CaO, 5% P2O5 | MBG synthesized by using non-ionic block copolymers as structure-directing agents through EISA process for 72 h. The dried gel was then calcined at 700°C for 5 h and thoroughly ground and sieved to obtain MBG powders | Scaffolds consisting of pure PLGA matrix or MBG-incorporated PLGA matrix were fabricated by a supercritical CO2 foaming technique | Rat | Skull | Bioactive lipid FTY720 | 2 critical-sized bone defects with a diameter of 5 mm in 24 rats | 1. Negative control 2. PLGA (not relevant for this study) 3. MBG-PLGA 4. FTY/MBG-PLGA |
| Jia et al. (2015) | 1. Silicate 13–93: 54.6% SiO2, 6.0% Na2O, 7.95% K2O, 7.7% MgO, 22.1% CaO, 1.7% P2O5 by percentage mol. 2. Borosilicate 2B6Sr: 18.0% SiO2, 36.0% B2O3, 6.0% Na2O, 8.0% K2O, 2.1% MgO, 6.0% SrO, 22.0% CaO, 2.0% P2O5 by percentage mol |
Not specified. The bioactive glass was sourced from a commercial source (SEM-COM Co. Toledo, OH) | Direct ink writing technique was used with glass inks prepared and a robotic deposition device used to extrude the inks through a 250 μm nozzle. After extrusion, the scaffolds were dried in air and then heated at 1°C per min to 600°C to decompose the organic polymers before sintering at 700°C for 1 h (13–93 glass) and 620°C for 2 h (2B6Sr glass) |
Rabbit | Femur | None | 1 critical-sized defect 10 mm in length in 44 rabbits | 1. Negative control without scaffold 2. Autologous bone graft (not relevant for this study) 3. 13–93 glass scaffolds 4. 2B6Sr glass scaffolds |
| Zhao et al. (2015) | MBG: 57.2% SiO2, 7.5% P2O5, 35.3% (SrO + CaO) by percentage weight | The MBG powders were calcined from room temperature to 650°C with a heating rate of 1°C per min in air, and maintained at 650°C for 6 h to remove the organic structure-directing agents completely | Sr-MBG scaffolds were fabricated using a commercial 3D Bioplotter printing device (EnvisionTEC GmbH, Germany). Cylinder models were loaded and scaffolds printed layer-by-layer through the extrusion of the paste as a fiber | Rat | Skull | Sr | 2 critical-sized defects with a diameter of 5mm in 18 rats | 1. Negative control without scaffold 2. MBG 3. Sr-MBG |
Summary table detailing author names, publication year, composition of bioactive glass scaffold, glass fabrication method, animals used, bone defects used, added components to the bioactive glass scaffolds, number of bone defects in each animal, and the experimental groups used in each study.
45S5, glass with 45 wt.% of SiO2 and 5:1 molar ratio of Calcium to Phosphorus; Cu-BG NPs, copper-containing bioactive glass nanoparticles; DMOG, dimethyloxallyl glycine; EISA, Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly; FTY720, fingolimod; GelMA-G-MBGNs, MBGNs with photo-cross-linkable GelMA which have been further integrated into GelMA; GelMA, gelatin derivative containing gelatin + methacrylicanhydride; PHBHHx, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate); MBG, mesoporous bioactive glasses; GO, graphine oxide; MBGN, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticle; MPHS, mesoporous bioactive glass with poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate); mol, moles; Mm, millimeters; PLGA, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); rhBMP-2, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; Sr, strontium.