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. 2020 May 14;8:451. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00451

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Copyright © 2020 Saleh, Prajapati, DeCoster and Lvov.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ca²⁺ peak intensity obtained for different stimulation on BMVECs, in the horizontal axis is the image number indicating time periods with total range of 4 s each (1 image no. = 4 s); and in the vertical axis is the normalized values for fluorescence intensity corresponding to calcium activity (A) stimulated by ionomycin (Iono) 1 μM (positive control); (B) stimulated by 50 μg/mL HNT- ionomycin (sample tested); (C) stimulated by ATP, a well-known Ca²⁺ stimulator (positive control indicating healthy cells), followed by HNT-ionomycin formulation (10 μg/mL) showing the comparison between the Ca²⁺ responses of physiological stimulation (ATP) and HNT-ionomycin formulation for the same cells. (D) Cells stimulated by 10 and 50 μg/mL of HNT-ionomycin showing comparative results for the cells when stimulated by lower and higher dose of HNT-ionomycin; (E) stimulated by 50 μg/mL of empty HNTs (negative control).