Table 4.
The mean and 95% confidence intervals of EMG parameters during finger extension and flexion, with the intra-group paired t-test probabilities between the two contraction levels and the inter-group independent t-test probabilities.
| Mean (95% Confidential Interval) × 10−2 | P-value (Effect size) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMG Level | Group | 20% Ex | 40% Ex | Intra-group T-test |
| (A) THE EMG ACTIVATION LEVEL | ||||
| FD | Stroke | 22.92 (12.33–33.50) | 21.81 (11.88–31.74) | 0.722 (0.068) |
| Control | 24.25 (15.28–33.21) | 40.50 (21.89–59.10) | 0.021# (0.557) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.447 (0.334) | 0.043* (0.915) | |
| TRI | Stroke | 12.01 (4.291–19.73) | 12.58 (4.942–20.23) | 0.777 (0.048) |
| Control | 1.110 (0.406–1.803) | 2.508 (1.119–3.823) | 0.012#(0.955) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.010** (1.254) | 0.014* (1.162) | |
| BIC | Stroke | 9.919 (0.960–18.87) | 10.85 (1.704–20.01) | 0.213 (0.138) |
| Control | 0.844 (0.212–1.476) | 1.058 (0.210–1.904) | 0.430 (0.208) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.048* (0.964) | 0.038* (1.085) | |
| EMG Level | Group | 20% Fx | 40% Fx | Intra-group T-test |
| ED | Stroke | 32.67 (18.94–46.39) | 43.36 (17.93–68.78) | 0.083 (0.359) |
| Control | 25.93 (17.46–34.40) | 34.35 (21.65–46.84) | 0.033# (0.558) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.369 (0.385) | 0.484 (0.321) | |
| TRI | Stroke | 13.39 (5.878–20.91) | 18.68 (6.500–30.87) | 0.096 (0.329) |
| Control | 1.059 (0.216–1.903) | 2.522 (0.417–4.623) | 0.039# (0.656) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.004** (1.453) | 0.014* (1.166) | |
| BIC | Stroke | 8.121 (1.771–14.46) | 10.47 (4.077–16.85) | 0.180 (0.232) |
| Control | 2.013 (0.419–3.607) | 2.195 (0.900–4.297) | 0.802 (0.071) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.062 (0.837) | 0.017* (1.108) | |
| CI | Group | 20% Ex | 40% Ex | Intra-group T-test |
| (B) THE CI BETWEEN MUSCLES | ||||
| ED-FD | Stroke | 14.76 (9.026–20.50) | 16.37 (9.897–22.83) | 0.291 (0.165) |
| Control | 16.93 (14.35–19.51) | 30.32 (22.40–38.22) | 0.001### (1.655) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.503 (0.312) | 0.007** (1.319) | |
| ED-BIC | Stroke | 7.858 (1.803–13.91) | 9.714 (2.926–16.50) | 0.082 (0.182) |
| Control | 0.844 (0.212–1.476) | 1.058 (0.210–1.905) | 0.430 (0.208) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.027* (1.026) | 0.017* (1.128) | |
| ED-TRI | Stroke | 9.645 (3.764–15.53) | 11.20 (4.851–17.54) | 0.394 (0.159) |
| Control | 1.110 (0.405–1.801) | 2.509 (1.194–3.824) | 0.012# (0.956) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.008** (1.285) | 0.012* (1.198) | |
| FD-BIC | Stroke | 8.110 (1.363–14.85) | 9.682 (1.876–17.49) | 0.143 (0.136) |
| Control | 0.799 (0.240–1.358) | 1.058 (0.210–1.905) | 0.322 (0.263) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.036* (0.962) | 0.033* (0.978) | |
| FD-TRI | Stroke | 8.970 (1.928–16.01) | 9.886 (2.982–16.79) | 0.414 (0.083) |
| Control | 1.100 (0.406–1.796) | 2.508 (1.193–3.822) | 0.012# (0.958) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.032* (0.99) | 0.004** (0.938) | |
| BIC-TRI | Stroke | 6.174 (0.366–11.98) | 7.619 (1.126–14.11) | 0.192 (0.147) |
| Control | 0.310 (0.101–0.519) | 0.527 (0.274–0.780) | 0.060 (0.693) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.048* (0.898) | 0.035* (0.971) | |
| CI | Group | 20% Fx | 40% Fx | Intra-Group T-test |
| ED-FD | Stroke | 18.54 (11.31–25.78) | 25.09 (15.94–34.23) | 0.006## (0.499) |
| Control | 18.34 (14.54–22.16) | 26.69 (20.19–33.20) | 0.004## (1.128) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.957 (0.023) | 0.770 (0.133) | |
| ED-BIC | Stroke | 5.246 (1.515–8.977) | 7.949 (2.552–13.34) | 0.095 (0.366) |
| Control | 2.005 (0.417–3.592) | 2.185 (0.103–4.267) | 0.803 (0.071) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.099 (0.725) | 0.064 (0.902) | |
| ED-TRI | Stroke | 8.664 (3.925–13.40) | 11.55 (5.060–18.06) | 0.165 (0.533) |
| Control | 1.059 (0.214–1.903) | 2.519 (0.415–4.623) | 0.039# (0.656) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.005** (1.488) | 0.028* (1.012) | |
| FD-BIC | Stroke | 6.260 (1.927–10.59) | 9.015 (4.041–13.98) | 0.010# (0.371) |
| Control | 2.001 (0.424–3.580) | 2.193 (0.096–4.291) | 0.790 (0.076) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.062 (0.834) | 0.014* (1.147) | |
| FD-TRI | Stroke | 10.80 (5.364–16.24) | 14.25 (7.410–21.09) | 0.016# (0.351) |
| Control | 1.056 (0.213–1.898) | 2.520 (0.417–4.624) | 0.039# (0.658) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.002** (1.581) | 0.003** (1.473) | |
| BIC-TRI | Stroke | 5.090 (1.277–8.903) | 6.863 (2.920–10.81) | 0.177 (0.288) |
| Control | 0.617 (0.164–1.071) | 1.622 (0.025–3.270) | 0.109 (0.609) | |
| Inter-group T-test | P-value (Effect size) | 0.026* (1.038) | 0.016* (1.113) | |
1 superscript for p ≤ 0.05, 2 superscripts for p ≤ 0.01, 3 superscripts for p ≤ 0.001. The significant inter-group difference is indicated by * (independent t-test), and # is used to indicate the significant intra-group difference (paired t-test).