Table 3.

Caudal surgical approach to the pelvis.

Approachable structures	Possible complications	Avoid complications
Ischial tuberosities, Ramus ossis ischii, Lower pubic bones	Injury of spermatic cord	Stop anterior dissection at the inguinal ligament
	Injury of vasa obturatoria	Dissect adductor muscles in cranial and lateral direction not further than the middle of ischial or pubic bone
	Injury of sciatic nerve	Subperiosteal dissection at ischial tuberosity
	Injury of vasa pudenda	Subperiosteal dissection at lower pubic bone