Figure 1.

The lymph node structure/organization is shown. A zoomed T cell/follicular area with the major cell types involved in the development of antibody responses is shown. The presence of therapeutic within the lymph node can initiate a cascade of immune reactions ultimately leading to T cell-dependent germinal center (GC) activity and the generation of plasma cells and memory B cells that can produce antibodies. The cascade begins with (1) dendritic cells that present the therapeutic interaction with CD4 T cells resulting in their activation and differentiation; (2) activated CD4 T cells begin interacting with B cells, ultimately leading to further differentiation of both cell types and therefore trafficking into follicles/GCs; (3) within the GC, follicular CD4 T cells interact with GC B cells and follicular dendritic cell (FDC); (4) helping B cells promotes their maturation to memory and plasma cells.