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. 2020 May 14;11:609. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00609

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Copyright © 2020 Sharma, Rani, Chauhan, Kumari, Tevatiya, Das De, Savargaonkar, Pandey and Dixit.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A proposed working hypothesis to decode a system-wide pre and post-gut invasive phases of P. vivax-mosquito interactions: Immediately after an infected blood meal, sexual developmental physiology of Plasmodium rapidly change to adapt mosquitoes' hostile gut-lumen environment and progressively faces gut-microbiota boosted anti-Plasmodium immunity. Though the mechanism that how Plasmodium manages safe journey and survival from gut lumen gut epithelium hemolymph salivary gland vertebrate host is not fully known, but we propose and decode (i) a 24–30 h of pre-invasive phase of an indirect gut-microbe-parasite interaction in the gut lumen for ookinetes invasion; and (ii) a longer post-gut invasive, a direct parasite-tissues such as midgut (MG), hemocyte (HC), and salivary gland (SG) interactions, are crucial for the Plasmodium survival (22). Schematically, , represents Plasmodium gametocytes; and , different bacterial species; , the mustard yellow circle represents early gut invaded maturing oocysts (EO); , peach circle with blue dotted boundary is Late rupturing oocysts (LO); , red ribbon is sporozoite; , salivary lobes; , the purple cloudy structure is hemocyte.

Inline graphic — A proposed working hypothesis to decode a system-wide pre and post-gut invasive phases of P. vivax-mosquito interactions: Immediately after an infected blood meal, sexual developmental physiology of Plasmodium rapidly change to adapt mosquitoes' hostile gut-lumen environment and progressively faces gut-microbiota boosted anti-Plasmodium immunity. Though the mechanism that how Plasmodium manages safe journey and survival from gut lumen gut epithelium hemolymph salivary gland vertebrate host is not fully known, but we propose and decode (i) a 24–30 h of pre-invasive phase of an indirect gut-microbe-parasite interaction in the gut lumen for ookinetes invasion; and (ii) a longer post-gut invasive, a direct parasite-tissues such as midgut (MG), hemocyte (HC), and salivary gland (SG) interactions, are crucial for the Plasmodium survival (22). Schematically, , represents Plasmodium gametocytes; and , different bacterial species; , the mustard yellow circle represents early gut invaded maturing oocysts (EO); , peach circle with blue dotted boundary is Late rupturing oocysts (LO); , red ribbon is sporozoite; , salivary lobes; , the purple cloudy structure is hemocyte.