Table 3.
Summary of Experimental Data Used
| Reference | Tissue | Study population | Study design | Key information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Systemic circulation | 8 HS | Standard meal 4 times/d | CA, CDCA, DCA, FGF-19, C4 |
| 24 | Systemic and portal circulation | 5 patients (CST) | Overnight fasting and postprandial measurements | CA, CDCA, DCA in PV, SYS |
| 25 | Small intestine | 11 HS | Postprandial (jejunum, 30 min; lower intestine, <2 h) | uBA, cBA in UINT, LINT |
| 23 | Liver biopsy | 8 HS | Overnight fasting | CA, CDCA, DCA in LIV |
| 50 | BD bile (surgical samples) | 12 HS | Overnight fasting | TBA in BD |
| 50 | GB bile | 8 HS | Overnight fasting | TBA in GB |
| 21 | Feces | 16 HS | – | TBA in feces |
| 52 | Duodenal bile | 11 HS | – | CA, CDCA, DCA in biliary tract |
| 40 | Intestinal aspirates (80, 180 cm from teeth) | 3 HS | Meal intake, cholecystokinin IV injection | CA, CDCA, DCA in the intestine |
| 53 | Systemic circulation | 24 HS | Overnight fasting | CA, CDCA, DCA in plasma |
| 39 | Feces | Review from published studies | CA, CDCA, DCA in feces | |
| 54 | Portal vein | 15 HS | Overnight fasting | uCA in portal blood |
| 22 | Feces | 22 HS | – | uCA in feces |
| 5 | Systemic circulation | 19 HS, 17 patients (BAM) | Overnight fasting | C4 and FGF-19 |
| 29 | In vitro | – | – | BA potencies for FXR |
| 27 | Jejunum and ileum | 4 HS | Jejunal and ileal perfusion | Intestinal permeability for CA, CDCA, DCA |
| 28 | Colon | 47 HS | Colonic perfusion | Colonic permeability for CA, CDCA, DCA |
BAM, bile acid malabsorption; BD, bile duct; CST, cholecystectomy; GB, gallbladder; HS, healthy subject; IV, intravenous; LINT, lower intestine; LIV, liver; PV, portal vein; SYS, systemic circulation; TBA, total BA; uBA, unconjugated BA; UINT, upper intestine.