Fig. 2.

Effects of policy and communication on anger. Note: Selective vaccination mandates caused higher ratings of anger than voluntary vaccinations did. When information about herd immunity was given, this effect did not appear. Anger was assessed as a mean of angriness, annoyance, and irritation after the first vaccination. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. Further analysis revealed that higher levels of anger had a significant negative effect on the intention to receive a voluntary vaccination (middle panel of Table 1).