Table 1.

Viruses detected in A. mellifera. List of all viruses identified thus far in A. mellifera together with their (provisional) name, acronym, taxonomic classification and genome accession number (preference for earliest reported full-length genome sequence; n.a. = “not available”; PEHZ00000000 is the accession number of the entire raw sequence data of Galbraith et al. [61] containing these virus sequences). Distinct taxonomic units (Order, Family, Virus, Major Strain) are separated by horizontal lines. Viruses with partial genome sequences are marked with a single asterisk (*), and those for which no sequence information is available are marked with two asterisks (**). For all other viruses (near) full-length genome sequences are available. ^a: Viruses detected primarily in V. destructor. ^b: Viruses with DNA genomes. ^c: Novel picorna-like viruses identified in Australian honey bees by Roberts et al. [50]. The columns on the right summarize the current experimental evidence for the presence (+, highlighted), unclear (~), absence (-) or unknown (?) status of the different transmission routes for the various viruses (green = oral-fecal transmission; red = varroa-mediated transmission; black = contact transmission; blue = sexual-vertical transmission; orange = environmental transmission), as well as the evidence for their seasonal incidence (spring, summer, autumn, winter), marked on a three-point scale (+, ++, +++).

Genome	Order	Family	Virus	Major Strains	Accession Number	TRANSMISSION					SEASON
						ORAL-FECAL	VARROA	CONTACT	VERTICAL	ENVIRONMENT		SPRING	SUMMER	AUTUMN	WINTER
ssRNA(+)	Picornavirales	Dicistroviridae	Acute bee paralysis virus	ABPV	AF150629	+	+	-	+	+		+	+++	++	+
				KBV	AY275710	+	+	-	+	+		+	++	+++	?
				IAPV	EF219380	+	+	-	+	+		+	++	++	?
			Aphid lethal paralysis virus	ALPV	AF536531	?	?	?	?	+		-	+++	-	?
			Apis dicistrovirus	ADV	KY354239	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Big Sioux river virus	BSRV	KY826434	?	?	?	?	+		-	+++	++	?
			Black queen cell virus	BQCV	AF183905	+	~	-	+	+		+	+++	+	+
			Bundaberg bee virus 1 c	QLD-6	MG995706	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Bundaberg bee virus 2 * c	QLD-4	MG995700	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Empeyrat virus c	NT-5	KU754505	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
				QLD-7	MG995702	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Hobart bee virus 1 * c	TAS-7	MG995722	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 1 * c	WA2-13	MG995730	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 2 * c	WA1-14	MG995726	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Renmark bee virus 1 * c	SA-7	MG995710	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Rhopalosiphum padi virus c	RhPV	AF022937	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Robinvale bee virus 1 * c	VN1-10	MG995714	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Robinvale bee virus 2 * c	VN1-57	MG995719	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Robinvale bee virus 3 * c	VN1-50	MG995718	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		Iflaviridae	Bundaberg bee virus 4 c	QLD-11	MG995705	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Bundaberg bee virus 5 c	QLD-13	MG995706	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Bundaberg bee virus 6 c	QLD-14	MG995707	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
				NT-12	MG995697	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Darwin bee virus 2 * c	NT-6	MG995694	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
				NT-17	MG995699	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Deformed wing virus	DWV-A	AY292384	+	+	-	+	+		+	++	+++	+++
				DWV-B	AY251269	+	+	-	+	+		+	+	++	+
				DWV-C	ERS657948	?	?	?	?	?		+	+	+++	+++
			(Egypt bee virus*)	DWV-D	n.a.	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Moku virus	MV	KU645789	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 3 * c	WA2-20	MG995731	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
				VN2-2	MG995723	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
				VN2-6	MG995724	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Renmark bee virus 2 * c	SA-5	MG995709	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Robinvale bee virus 4 c	VN3-43	MG995721	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Sacbrood virus	SBV	AF092924	+	-	-	?	+		+++	++	+	?
				TSBV	KM884995	+	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Slow bee paralysis virus	SBPV	EU035616	+	+	-	?	+		-	-	-	?
			Varroa destructor virus-2 a	VDV-2	KX578271	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		Nodaviridae	Apis Nora virus	ANV	KY354240	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Nodamura-like virus *	?	PEHZ00000000	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		Secoviridae	Seco-like virus *	?	PEHZ00000000	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Tobacco ringspot virus	TRSV	U50869	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		?	Arkansas bee virus **	ArkBV	n.a.	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Berkeley bee virus **	BerkBPV	n.a.	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		?	Bundaberg bee virus 7 * c	QLD-8	MG995703	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Darwin bee virus 5 c	NT1	MG995692	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 6 * c	WA2-62	MG995732	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 7 * c	WA1-16	MG995727	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 8 * c	WA1-18	MG995728	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 9 * c	WA1-9	MG995725	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Renmark bee virus 4 c	SA-10	MG995708	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Renmark bee virus 5 * c	SA-8	MG995711	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Robinvale bee virus 7 * c	VN1-35	MG995717	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Robinvale bee virus 9 * c	VN3-31	MG995720	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		?	Darwin bee virus 6 c	NT-8	MG995696	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 4 * c	WA2-63	MG995733	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Perth bee virus 5 * c	WA1-24	MG995729	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Renmark bee virus 3 c	SA4	MG995708	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Robinvale bee virus 5 * c	VN1-15	MG995715	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Robinvale bee virus 8 c	VN1-22	MG995716	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		?	Bundaberg bee virus 8 * c	QLD-9	MG995704	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Darwin bee virus 7 * c	NT-15	MG995698	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		?	Darwin bee virus 8 * c	NT-7	MG995695	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
	Robinvale bee virus 6 * c	VN1-8	MG995713	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
Tymovirales	Tymoviridae	Bee Macula-like virus	BeeMLV	KT162925	?	+	?	?	+		+	++	+++	?
		Varroa Tymo-like virus * a	VTLV	KT162926	?	+	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
?	?	Cloudy wing virus **	CWV	n.a.	?	-	~	?	?		+	+	+	?
?	?	Chronic bee paralysis virus	CBPV	EU122230	+	-	+	?	+		++	++	+	?
	?	Bee virus **	BVX	n.a.	+	?	?	?	?		+++	+	+	?
			BVY	n.a.	+	?	?	?	?		+	+++	+	?
		Lake Sinai virus	LSV-1	HQ871931	?	?	?	?	+		++	+++	++	?
			LSV-2	HQ888865	?	?	?	?	+		+++	+	+	?
			LSV-3	MH267700	?	?	?	?	+		+	+	+	?
			LSV-4	KM886903	?	?	?	?	+		+	+	+	?
?	?	Varroa destructor virus-3 a	VDV-3	KX578272	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
	?	Varroa destructor virus-4 a	VDV-4	MK032464	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
ssRNA(-)	Articulavirales	Orthomyxoviridae	Varroa orthomyxovirus-1 a	VOV-1	MK032465	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
	Bunyavirales	Arenaviridae	Apis bunyavirus-1 *	ABV-1	KY354236	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
		Phasmaviridae	Apis bunyavirus-2 *	ABV-2	KY354237	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
	Mononegavirales	Rhabdoviridae	Apis rhabdovirus-1	ARV-1	MH267691	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Apis rhabdovirus-2	ARV-2	KY354234	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
dsRNA	?	Partitiviridae	Partiti-like virus *	?	PEHZ00000000	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
ssDNA	?	Circoviridae	Circo-like virus-1 * b	?	PEHZ00000000	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
			Circo-like virus-2 * b	?	PEHZ00000000	?	?	?	?	?		?	?	?	?
dsDNA	Megavirales	Baculoviridae	Apis mellifera filamentous virus b	AmFV	MH243376	+	?	?	?	?		+++	+	+	?
		Iridoviridae	Apis iridescent virus * b	AIV	AF042340	?	?	?	?	?		+	++	+	?