Skip to main content
. 2020 Apr 1;12(4):768. doi: 10.3390/polym12040768

Table 1.

Structures, names, mode of actions and application area of representative biologically active functionalized phosphonic acid derivatives.

Name (Abbreviation) /a Structure /b Origin Action/Application /c Ref.
Phospho-glycine
(GlyP) 		graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i001.jpg Primary PMG metabolite Inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth (in vitro), phytotoxin [30,31]
β-AlaP
(β-phosphono-alanine, 2-AEP, ciliatine)		 graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i002.jpg The first and most abundant natural AAP [32,33]
Phosphino-thricin
GluγP(Me) (phosphino-thricin, PPT)		 graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i003.jpg Produced by strains of
Streptomyces herbicide		 Inhibition of glutamine synthetase
(E.C. 6.3.1.2)		 [34]
PMG (Phosphono-Methyl-Glycine; Glyphosate) graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i004.jpg Artificial herbicide inhibition of 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase [35,36]
Alafosfalin
Ala-AlaP
(alaphosphin; alafosfalin)		 graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i005.jpg Artificial antibiotic, against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. selective inhibition of alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1). [37,38,39,40,41]
Fosmidomycin
((3-(Formyl-hydroxy-amino)-propyl)-phosphonic acid; The phosphonate antibiotic FR-31564 		graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i006.jpg Produced by strains of Streptomyces
A broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent 		Inhibition of DXR (in vitro). A broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent currently applied for the malaria treatment. [42,43,44,45,46]
ϖ-Aminoalkyl-phosphonic acids
(ϖ-AAP) 		graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i007.jpg Artificial Neuroactive acids [47]
Aminoalkyl-bisphosphonic acids
(ϖ-AAP,P) 		Inline graphic
X = H, OH, halogen		 Artificial Inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption [48,49,50,51]
Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates (ANPs)
Cidovir [HPMPC]
(B = Cyt; X = OH; R = H);
Adefovir [PMEA]
(B = Ade; X = H; R = POM);
Tenovir [PMPA]
(B = Ade; X = H; R = POC)		 graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i009.jpg Artificial Treatment of various DNA virus infections (cidofovir), hepatitis B (adefovir), and AIDS (HIV infections, tenofovir) [52,53]
Fosfomycin
(phosphomycin/phosphono-mycin)		 graphic file with name polymers-12-00768-i010.jpg Fosfomycin - a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species. Oral UTIs treatment. provide a useful option for the treatment of patients with pathogens with advanced resistance infections. [54,55,56,57,58]

a/ Applied abbreviations according to the general rules elaborated by Kudzin at al. [59,60]. b/ Applied in the form of free phosphonic acids or their salts. c/ Applied enzymes/procedures abbreviations: DXR—deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase; UTIs—uncomplicated urinary tract infections; 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase. (EC 2.5.1.19).